Analysis of Mental Shortcuts Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Mental Shortcuts EssayBeing creatures gifted with reason, people are always intellection and trying to rationalize things. For each soulfulness and situation, there are different kinds of ways of thinking or mental shortcuts. One of them is Representativeness heuristic. This quotes to the way a person thinks according to his insticnts and past experiences. Unlike other modes of thinking, representativeness heuristic consumes less time. It does not involve much cognitive activity. In this mode of thinking, people tend to refer to the past for decision making and judgment of occurences or events (Akent et al, 2007). Another type of type of heuristic is the keying and adjustment heuristic. This type of heuristic greatly relies on an anchor or initial opinion or thought about a certain object, place, or situation. Despite having other evidence ahead the judgment, the judgment and the get over of thought of the person remains to be hanging on to the initial thought. Unlike representativeness heuristic, this mode of thinking is slower in that more opinions are gathere before a decision is made and the rationalization concluded (Akent et al, 2007). The third kind of heuristic is the availability heuristic.This type of heuristic make use of examples for making a decision or judging an event or occurence. In addition, availability heuristic the frequency of an event may be predicted through the said example. As compared to the first two kinds of heuristic, this may be slower as there is a need to gather enough examples as basis for decision to be made. If there are no examples at hand, another mode of thinking may be utilized(Akent et al, 2007). If carefully analyzed, these modes of thinking are all faster as compared to the normal flow of thought in a persons mind.However, if measured and checked for results, all can be accurate and fast given a specialised situation. For instance, the availability heuristic is faster if there are examples at han d. However, without them the other types of heuristic will prove to be more accurate and faster. Thus, all iii mental shortcust prove to be helpful in a particular situation in life but not in its entirety. References Elliot Aronson, Timothy D. Wilson, and robin redbreast M. Akert. (2007). Social psychology (6th ed. ). Prentice Hall

Qs on Forests Essay Example for Free

Qs on Forests EssayHe suggestedthat a proper system should be introducedto harbor the tone. He helped in formulating the Indian Forest movement of 1865. (Q. )Who was Dietrich Brandis? (1 Mark) (Ans) Brandis was a German who gave advice to the British regarding thereckless cutting of trees by the local sight and the traders. He feared that it would destroythe lumber. Brandis was also madethe beginning(a) Inspector General of Forests inIndia. (Q. ) What was the idea of plantation in compound period? (1 Mark) (Ans) The Colonial G everyplacenment took over the forests and gave away those to European planters at punk rates. They had cut down the forest for land to start the plantation. This was another way for deforestation. Large areas of forests were cleared to make way for the plantation of tea, coffee and rubber to couple the growing demands of these commodities in European countries (Q. )Can you relate the progress of railways with the idea of deforestation in colonial pe riod? Explain. (1 Mark) (Ans) 1) Railways were essential forcolonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. As the railway tracks expanded, a larger number of trees were felled to meet up the growing demand of timber and fuel woods. ) The presidency gave out contracts to individuals to supply the required measure of timber. These contractors started random cutting of trees and this led to immediate disappearance of forests around the railway tracks. (Q. )What is meant by the term deforestation? (1 Mark) (Ans) Cutting down of trees in huge numberof forest area to fulfill the demand of developing civilizations is known as deforestation. In other words, cutting and destroying of forest resourcesis deforestation. During the period of colonialism,deforestation took a systematic approachfor the purpose ofindustrial development. Q. ) acknowledgment the changes seen in the features of forest resources duringindustrialisation. (1 Mark) (Ans) The period of industrialisation, i. e. , the old age from 1700 to 1995, witnessed a drastic reduction in the earlier huge diversity of forest resources all over the world. well-nigh 13. 9 sq. km of forest lands, i. e. 9. 3% of the worlds forest area, was clearedfor the needs of industrialisation, cultivation, pastures and fuelwoods. (Q. )How did the Forest Act affect the lives of the common Indians? (1 Mark) (Ans) The Forest Act brought severe hardships for villagers across the country.After the Act, their everyday practices cutting wood, grazing of cattle, collection of fruits and roots, hunting and fishing were treated as illegal activities. People were forced to slide wood from the forests and when caught, were at the mercy of the forest guards. (Q. ) What are the recent developments in forestry? (3 Marks) (Ans) 1) The concept of forestmanagement has changed since 1980. It was observed by the government that implementation of exact forest laws was leading to stealing of timbers and illegal hunting. ) Forest dweller s were kept away from the implementation procedure of these laws andtherefore, it generated conflict between the two parties the government and the villagers. 3) Indian adivasis sustain the forest land and resources and therefore, the government is involving local people in the matters like safetyand security of forest land, forest products and wild animals. (Q. ) Elaboratesome of the activities of the people of Bastar. (3 Marks) (Ans) 1) The people of Bastar believe deeply in the village and its offerings. Since the village peopleknow the boundaries of the village, they look after the natural resources. ) If people from a village want to take some wood from the forests of another village, they pay a weensy fee calleddevsari,dandormanin exchange. Some villages also protect their forests by engaging watchmen and each plate contributes some grain to pay them. 3) Every year, there is one big hunt where the headmen of villages in apargana(cluster of villages) meet and discuss issues of concern, including forests. (Q. ) Who was Samin? What was his challenge to the Dutch? (3 Marks) (Ans) Surontiko Samin was a resident of RandublatungvillageofJava. 1) In 1890, hebegan questioning the state ownership of forest.He argued that the forest and its resources were the gifts of nature. Thus, the state could not have any right over it. 2) A widespread movement developed and by 1907, 3,000 families were following his ideas. They challenged the Dutch authority byrefusing to pay taxes and by lying down on their forest lands when the Dutch came to survey it. Others refused to pat taxes or fines or perform labour. (Q. ) What are the similarities between colonial management of forests in Bastar and in Java? (3 Marks) (Ans) 1) In both Bastar (India) andJava (Indonesia), the colonial management of forests led to rebellions. ) In Bastar, the forest management was in the hands of the British and in Java, it wasunder the Dutches. 3) Both the governments wanted timber for their needs and worked for their own monopoly. When the forest communities in both the regions had to leave their land, rebellions occurred, which were subsequentlycrushed. Q. ) How did the forestrules affect cultivation? (3 Marks) (Ans) 1) European foresters regarded the practice of shifting cultivationharmful for the forests. They felt that theland which was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees for railway timber.When a forest was burnt, there was the added danger offlames spreading and burning valuable timber. 2) Shifting cultivation also made it harder for the government to calculate taxes. Therefore, the government decided to ban shifting cultivation. 3) Many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change occupations, while some resisted through large and small rebellions. Q. )How can you say that the spread of railways brought deforestation during the Colonial Period? (3 Marks) (Ans) 1) In 1850s, the spread of railways created a new demand.

river island

river islandBiographyRiver Island was introduced by Bernard Lewis in 1948, a family business and it started break as a small shop in Londonwith the trading spot of Lewis Separates. There have been many changes to the brand name such(prenominal) as Chelsea daughter and Concept Man and not until 1989 its officially became kn profess as RiverIsland today.Between the period of twenty years, from the 1960s to 1980s, Chelsea Girl was a well known gritty street store and was famous for its long haired girl logo. A group of approximately 45 students from Uxbridge and Middlesex has teamed together with the store to re fix its reputation in the name of Chelsea Girl. River Island could considered to be one of the UKs biggest and close to successful privately owned high street companies with over 250 stores operating all over the world and is still growing. Moreover, to guarantee theirs customer a great, quaint and mienable look, unlike New Look and others high street stores which buy ot hers brand design then altered it, River Island has their own in-house designer. River Island continuously focus on providing their customer the hottest look, hence, they also concentrate on providing their employees with a well-behaved working environment so that they can work expeditiously and at their topper. River Island stores across the country be always similar in both decoration and layout. In recent years, River Island has changed all of their stores to have a unique and similar layout. The general colour schemes ar usually white walls with some emphasis of bright green to create a fresh feeling the flooring is laid with creamy coffee coloured tiles with black paneling. Bright spot lights have also been used to create a posh look. In night club to help the customer to feel comfortable and relaxed the stores have been intentional to have an open air space which is simple but act as an effective background helping the clothes stand out and also enabling the customer to find their clothes. The layout of River Island is known to be like a walk-in boutique where you have trends that are divided into sections in the shop, which helps customers to know what theyre looking for, i.e. casual, smart or going out.Style River Island is a UKs leading high street brand, providing a big scarper of stylish clothes, but most importantly, their prices are low-priced and the quality is great. River Island design clothes for both men and women at the date range from 16-30. With 250 stores and selling many different types of clothing like jeans, skirts, knit wear, jacket etc or even accessories such as jewelry or shoes. To Get the most out of it the company also submits online shopping so that it is more convenient for their customers. The design team represents the culture thats around them and thats the culture our customers understand, says Richard Bradbury, River Islands managing director. This year, the brand have inform mega profits, as mentioning this, River Island will have to thank their young team of designers, buyers and in-house stylists. The companys general theme for clothes line is usually smart looking, quite an often the customer will see that there is a combination between smart-casual. Additional glitter, sequins, diamonds and jewels appear on all types of clothes to add a bit of bling and to suit with the young fashion trend. Moreover, these decorations also appear on purses or handbags so that they are all are matching. One of the company philosophies is counseling on finding new talent and bringing them up to contribute to the new high street trend, collection after collection is required to meet with demand of customers who searching for the new look everyday. In order to do that, every two weeks, Style Challenge is launched by one of our insiders. The themes will be different each time to make sure theres something for everyone. Youthful could consider being the inspiration for each design, but still could suit any age range as long as they are the person who is seeking a celebrity or catwalk style at a cheaper price. River Island always concentrate on the style and the quality. The company clothes are so trendy, chic, young, affordable and of a very high quality. Not only the clothes, but also the stores provide an exciting and fun environment to shop within. The average price of each garment is affordableEthical issueRiverIslandis committed to providing a fair fortune between the company and their employees. The company has understood that to make an excellent business, it has to build strong relationship with its suppliers, consumers and employees. Corporate Social Responsibility has always been the companys strategy.Ethical render ChainAt River Island, it works enthusiastically with its suppliers and official agencies around the world to provide a standard health and safety regulation to its employees. The company always ensures that their suppliers sign a contract which commit to World Wide Ethical standards and those who violate them will be prosecuted. To support this policy, the company have ordered the buy and technical teams to visit their factories throughout the year and actively engage in looking out for mistakes, hence, improve it. Today, River Island products are made across the world such as in the European Union, Turkey or India. Although there are many ethical and trading issues happening within fashion industry, River Island believes that through gradual changes, it will manage to solve the problem.According to source, In June 2008 RiverIsland became a member of the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI). Established in 1998 the ETI is a trade junction organization and non-governmental organisations committed to working together to identify and go on good practice in the implementation of codes of labour practice.River Island committed to the adoption and integration of the ETI solution Code into our World Wide Ethical Policy through its supply chain. River Island believes that to be one a ETI member, the company will be able to gain more experience to tackle the related issues within the industry.EnvironmentNowadays, being green is one of the main focuss of each individual company. In order to defend the environment, River Island is strictly committed to a number of main key points targeted such as reducing problems the environment is having, this includes dropping levels of energy consumption (including the use of renewable energy sources)reducing the level of product packaging, increasing the levels of recycling and increasing the use of biodegradable materials. The retail environment of River Island is very edgy, gamey and vivid. The staff are committed to provide the customer a high quality religious service. River Island also believes that making the customer feel happy is its first priority, as customer service is converted into sales in retail. PromotionIn recent years, River Island has gained many important t itles from its competitor. Top shop has been at the top for years but slowly losing its style crown losing its best shop on the high street title of three years to rival River Island. River Island also won in the best bags and best place to spend GBP50 categories in the Company Magazine. The winners were chosen by more than 6000 nation trough the voting system on the company.co.uk website. River Island advertises itself in magazines for having garments, accessories or products that are copied from celebrities or the catwalk. In order to advertise and campaign, River Island has joined forces with Look in autumn 2007 the UKs first glossy high street fashion weekly magazine- to celebrate and introduce its autumn collection .The collection has been styled and photographed by the Look fashion team. More interestingly, River Islands store windows nationwide have also been specially designed by Look to make a connection between the company and the magazine to promote different aspects o f the collection. Look publishing director Julie Lavington comments We are passing excited to be working with River Island on such a major project. The collaboration exemplifies our brand credentials, and its great that River Island are harnessing the power of Looks reputation as the authorisation on high street fashion. After all, were driving hundreds of thousands of women in-store every week .In order to expand its market sale, River Island has also launched an online marketing with NME.com (a music brand ). In addition, River Island have celebrities such as Pixie Lot and JLS to model its garments which brings fans to shop in River Island. Together with the advertizing campaigns, River Island also sponsors Graduate sort Week which brings advertising all over the world, for designers and students who would love to start a career in the fashion industry. Fashion Weeks with new designs and colours, serve additionally to promote new concepts. These Fashion Weeks not only display an array of new products, but also serve to communicate with the audience visually. Dresses and accessories worn by models doing catwalks, are more lively and enthralling than the mere display on mannequins. Normally with a range of Fall, Spring, Summer and Winter collection, Fashion Weeks boost market demand and promote its associated businesses as well. In addition, presence in graduate fashion week is the opportunity for their company to have a review from other people who have visited the show. It gives people an idea to what River Island has to offer as a fashion retail store and how they are incorporating designs from students into their clothing range. River Island was one of the retailers which has joined in High street fashion week to show its line up. The event was taking place on Londons Oxford avenue from September 7 to September 11. This is a great opportunity to promote the company image. River Island satisfies its customers with trend, quality, design and durability. That is one reason that River Island is, day by day, getting support and demands by its customers. It provides a range of comfortable draper footwear to soothe ache feet of all day long. River Island won the Draper Footwear Award in 2008 while another proof of its excellence emerged when this brand bagged LK Today Fashion High Street Fashion Award for Best Denim.Fashion is not only a phenomenon for luxurious life, but this concept deals with humanity as well. That is why, modern fashion companies are aware for the fact of supporting special people of society with special necessarily. River Island is responsive towards special people and that is why it supports BDF (Birth Defect Foundation), now known as New Life FoundationOther than the BDF, River Island also helps Heart and Design an association that combines creativity of fashion communities with heart and lungs treatment. Fashion is not only for hefty people, but it also helps to make ailing people healthy, it supports them i n fighting for health. River Island is a well know high street brand that has over 50 years experience on fashion retail, it provides a big range of stylish clothes but most importantly its price are affordable and its products are good quality. The company satisfies its customers with trend, quality, design, global, human, culture and society friendly. At one end it emphasises collective psychology and trends of a society, and at the other end, it deals with the individual needs of customer care. Healthy trends, balanced life, and busy lifestyle are, what the modern fashion companies have to consider deeply. It is no more a matter of looking good and attractive, true fashion and accessories join comfort and trend together.

Tiziano Vecellios Art Style and the Italian Renaissance

Tiziano Vecellios Art Style and the Italian spiritual rebirthIn history, mechanicic production has changed frequently. With tonic concepts and data-based ways, the new imposture forms slowly become accepted by society, while the previous techniques fade into the background however, the old techniques are not forgotten. Within all(prenominal) era, the new techniques that come from the creative minds and their ideas, have established more than from the inspiration of old skills, like the change from Renaissance to Mannerism this lead to the furthering of different art sprints in the future generations.Background info on genre, time period and country of originThe Italian Renaissance was the arising point of modern age. The period stretched from 1400 to 1550, originating from Florence, Italy. It was the revivification of scientific and artistic innovations. It was also the revitalization of Greek and Roman learning. This essential time period linked the relation of the middle a ges to the modern age.The Italian Renaissance was split into two phases, the Early Renaissance and the High Renaissance. The High Renaissance, at the climax of Renaissance art from 1500 to 1525, was the result of the culmination of the different artistic patterned advance of the Early Renaissance. During the 1520s of the Italian Renaissance, High Renaissance was exaggerated to Mannerism. The High Renaissance was an era that brought total creative genius to the world in history.Characterisitcs of art world done during that time and mediums usedThe changes in art during the Italian Renaissance were clearly seen in paintings and sculptures. While the artists continued to use religious subject matter, they combine the idea with the principles of the human figure and the appeal in depicting nature. Artists began experimenting with their paintings by using oil-based paints, which were workable for several months due to the slow drying pace of the paints. The fresco technique, develop during the Italian Renaissance and used by artists like Michelangelo, involved painting on plasters walls. Light and perspective was familiarized to give a sense of mankind through three-dimensional imagery. Artists gained new insight and techniques to their concept of space and form in the Italian Renaissance, which has thus changed art forever.Background info on artistTiziano Vecellio, also more famously cognize as Titian, was one of the greatest artists of the High Rennaissance. He was born in Pieve di Cadore, Italy. The year of his birth is highly contend between scholars, but it is believed to be between 1477 and 1488. As a young boy, he was an apprentice to Giovanni Bellinni, another step to the forestanding mountain lion in Italy at the time. In 1508, the now young independent painter, Titian, joined the Venetian painter, Giorgione to beautify the facade of the Fondaco dei Tedeschi in Venice. Titians work was mistaken as a new and improved style of Giorgione. The teamwor k between the two artists led to more art collaboration together, they explored oil painting techniques, by ways like directly applying an undiluted medium on the canvas.At the death of Giovanni Bellini in 1516, it left Titian with no adversary in Venice, which let him receive his old masters job as the official painter to the Republic. His first major public commission was the Assumption of the Virgin which was painted for the Basilica of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice. In 1533, he was appointed as the court painter of Charles V, the most powerful man of the century, being Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the King of Spain. In 1548, he spent cabaret months in Augsburg with the Imperial Court. After half a decade, he commences a series of poesie for Phillip II in 1554.Although Titian was not a man of much education, he was one of great talent. Titian was an elegant and charming man who was also attractive and interesting in conversation, which made it easy for him to build relationships and connections with powerful people. Over the extend of twenty years, Titian created relationships and connections with princely patronage, while continuing work for other Venetian churches.As he grew older, his eyesight worsened and his hand control was weakening. Unfortunately, during a kick up outbreak, Titian died, on August 27, 1576, as a rich and famous man. He was interred into the Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari. His universal reputation continues to be known to this modern day.Styles and techniques used by artistTitian was an infamous Venetian painter during the High Renaissance. He was known for his bright rich colours and his bold tangle work. The bold use of colour and the lush sumptuous layers were the result of much preparation, the medium used and the surface chosen. Mythological paintings, religious paintings, portraits, and churches were just some of the plant he accomplished. His artwork should be viewed from a distance to get the as it was desired to be seen. Much of his skills were influenced by Giorgione, where he improved his style with new elements and perfection. From 1530 to 1550, his approach and style became more and more dramatic. The unique practices Titian painted with combined with his great talent were what made him an amazing painter.As Titian matured as an artist, he had as specific methods to his paintings. First, he sketched his pictures with loads of colour that forms the groundwork of the work of art. For up to several months, without looking, he left his composition facing a wall. He then returned to them to build up figures, make changes, and correct any wrongs. When retouching his working, he dealt with highlights by harmonizing colours and tones by rubbing the composition with his fingers. An alternate way was by adding strokes and bright spots with his fingers to perfect his work. As he grew older, he began to paint with his fingers more. He believed that It is not bright colors but g ood drawing that makes figures beautiful. enlarge analysis of artworkTitians masterpiece, Bacchanal of the Andrians, shows that it is a complete success through design elements. The composition of the work of art is arranged with the human figures spread out evenly across the horizontal span of the canvas. The colours involved are rich and bold they are not too bright to be passage the whole piece. The harmonic bond between the tones and colour that is used by Titian is infamous. The differentiate in colour between the two sides balances each other out. The contrast in colour in the dress of the dancing couple compared to the rest of the drinking people, bring it out two a secondary focal point. With bare woman in the corner as the focal point, it brings the eyes throughout the painting, from the focal point to the dancing couple to the other people.Bachannal of the Adrians seems to be interpreting a message of celebration. This may be the possibility of a marriage due to the dan cing couple in bolder colours and the amount of activities (drinking, partying, and sheet music) involved. However, these actions could also depute a celebration due to the homecoming of an important person.The characters involved in the work of art have great meaning too. The woman in the fresh dress may represent innocence the other ladies may represent vulnerability and jealousy as seen from their positioning and facial emotions. The nude men meet the other women may represent lust and want, as they are in some way in contact, physically or optically, to the women.ConclusionNew art techniques were and still are developed through time. Titian, one of the greatest artists of the high Renaissance, was one who established new skills and techniques from others through his life that inspired others to create more throughout history. There are many steps involved in art to fuel to this advancement. According to Titian, Painting done under pressure by artists without the necessary tal ent can only give rise to formlessness, as painting is a profession that requires peace of mind.http//www.artinthepicture.com/artists/Titian/Quotes/

Investor Attitudes Towards Risk on Stock Market

Investor poses Towards Risk on Stock MarketFor the abnormal return in stock grocery, investor places will become increasingly important. This paper attempts to snap the contact of investor spatial relation towards hazard that eat up a greater influence on stock merchandise .In this contemplate researcher foc utilize on ill-tempered Islamabad stock trade place place and obtain primary data based on five point Likert scale from investor of ISE. The data indicate that investors ask comfortably different attitudes toward various investments. However, there atomic number 18 signifi tail assemblyt statistical differences between attitudes of the investor groups in their attitudes toward three assay types. These data likewise show signifi dissolvet differences in attitudes toward take chances of infection. After analyzing the data through the Regression and Correlation, including ANOVA test, the result found the signifi johnce violation of varyings on stock market.I ntroductionThe whole financial hypothesis is based on the basic hypothesis of rational investor on the financial markets. This rationality is characterized by a continuous quest of the investors to maximize their utility sound (actually maximizing the return of the investment for a given attempt level or minimizing the hazard for an expected return level). In spite their rationality investors have a different perception over guess, its bearing having an important psychological factor. Most investors show different attitude towards jeopardy of exposure like motivated guess detestation, but we endure find on the financial markets. While seek sort has been studied intensely and a large number of guess perception. through attention to risk perception and risk propensity which argon mediators in attitude transaction, financial institutions lay round realize the core groups on investor demeanour and their returns expectations. The rootage section of this paper is the int roduction, the second section is the literature review, the third section establishes hypothesis model, the fourth section presents the mull over results and the fifth section is the conclusion and recommendations.Different Studies atomic number 18 available far less research exists regarding peoples sense-sets towards risk taking, i.e., risk attitudes, such as, risk hatred, risk valuation account and risk neutral. These washstand be conceptualized as both poles of a one-dimensional attitude towards risk-taking but excessively as both separate concepts. It is widely assumed that people differ considerably in their attitude towards risks, ranging from good sense to risk-seeking and even pleasure in risk-taking.The first-year trial of conceptualizing the investors risk aversion belongs to Milton Friedman and Leonard Savage (Milton Friedman, Leonard Savage Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk, JPE, 1948) who defined the risk aversion by using the following decisional s ituation an investor who can chose among comparable investments will always chose the one with the lowest risk. Explaining the investment behavior using the returns of uncivilised financial investments utility head for the hills brought a new perspective to the risk aversion possibleness. Further studies showed that there be excessively other factors with direct impact over the attitude towards risk (economic growth forecasts of a market, the level of training and the experience gained, fluctuations of the exchange market, psychological factors, twistes and heuristics etc.).This paper follows studies conducted with investors to examine investor attitudes and behavior towards inherent risk and potential returns in stock market.Statement of the ProblemThe problem statement of research was Impact of Investor mental attitude towards Risk on Stock Market?. major variable quantitys apply in this study include stock market return volatility and risk attitude i.e risk tolerance, r isk aversive, risk neutral variables that argon the indicators of investor attitude.Objective the objectives of research argon-To study how these attitude types be affecting the stock market.To find whether there is any relationship between stock market index and investor behavior.Significance of the StudyThe market return fluctuate according to events and trends , the human legal opinion withal have some psychological factor that can be influenced or might directs towards good or bad decision make regarding investment. From this study case-by-case investor can get knowledge how their behavior that can maximize or minimize their utility in investment plan in market portfolio. They can change their behavior accordingly. Every Kind of undivided like small investor including Man, Women with different status i.e. single or Martial with different age can change their mind set and able to empathize how they should make decision to see the market trends or events.Review of Literatur eThere is lot tempt has been make so far in this regard. at one time we have overview some of researcher civilizes in this section of the paper as review literature. With the reference of research topic, some of studies are being done in which all the variables includes Risk attitude factors i.e Risk Aversion, Risk adjustment, Risk are taken into consideration to define the impact of those variables on stock market.Levin, Synder and chapman (1975) were touch on with the differences between men and women in accepting the risks of financial investments, they focused on a group of 110 students using a questionnaire regarding lotteries to check the more risk aversive according to gender differentiation. the results indicating that women are more risk aversive than menPowell and Ansic (1997) questioned a small group regarding property insurance and the exchange market and again found that women are more aversive than men (this study was among the first which go badd individual ave rsion towards speculative and pure risks) using teaching regarding the weight of the funds invested in groundless assets.Jaimie Sung and Hannna (1996) analyzed the risk tolerance corresponding to four ethnic groups Caucasian, Hispanic, Black and others. Given the substantial differences among risk tolerance capacities of these groups (the Caucasians have the highest risk tolerance and theBlacks the lowest) we may assert that this factor has a direct impact on the way investors accept and perceive the risk attached to financial investments. Education also has a direct influence on risk tolerance, as several studies prove a direct touch onup between higher education and the acceptance of higher risk related to investments. The analysis was conducted on four education levels primary school, high school, college and postgraduate studies. The results raise an intense and direct impact on accepting financial risk the higher the subjects education, the higher his tolerance to risk.Sit kin and Pablo (1992) developed a model of determinants of risk behavior. In this model, personal risk preferences and past experiences form an important risk factor in which to frame the problem, and social influence also affects the individuals perception. Sitkin and Weingart (1995) extend the Sitkin-Pablo model prima(p) to the definition that risk perception and propensity are the mediators in risk behaviors of uncertainty decision- do.Shyan-Rong Chou, Gow-Liang Huang, Hui-Lin Hsu (2010) has done research on Investor Attitudes and Behavior towards Inherent Risk and capableness Returns in Financial Products?. They establish a model by which to measure attitudes and behavior towards investment risk.They used variables Risk propensity, Risk perception, Behavior finance, Decision making. They study to form a framework (framing) for interpretation of their respective populations attitudes and behaviors. Empirical results found no difference by gender to investor propensity to take ri sk, nor in cognitive perception of such. However, higher and lower perceptions of risk were indicated by investors according to their personal investment experience. Investors with little experience in stocks and structured notes were found to have importantly sensitive perception of risk. Thus the model proposed is relevant in finding a positive correlativity between experience and propensity of risk, though the sagacity of such remains uncertain. In respect to financial products other than mutual funds, investor propensity and perception of risk tend to show a negative correlation coefficient.Amos Tversky Daniel Kahneman (1974) defines in their research Judgment under Uncertainty Heuristics and Biases? that Heuristics that are important feature of the individual decision-making process which may be considered to include thought representativeness and availability. They founded that there is primeing prepossession in the decision-making process which arises due to factors such as overconfidence, loss aversion, status quo bias, mental accountancy, framing and so on. Investors in the process of assessing the risks and returns are influenced by this secure event.All these studies proved the complexity of risk aversion and its subjective dimension, as the estimates are difficult to obtain accurately. Investors have ultimately a unique behavior which results in un balanced price, no matter how adverse they are to risk. Understanding risk aversion offers another perspective for constructing and optimizing risky financial portfolios.Theoretical border workOur theoretical frame work is as under(In mutualist versatiles)Risk AversionRisk security depositRisk Neutral(Dependent unsettled)Stock Market descriptionThe possibility of physical or social or financial harm /detriment / loss due to a exposure. This is the (dominating) negative perspective however, there is also a neutral perspective, i.e., risk = uncertainty most the outcomes (good and/or bad ones) o f a decision and a positive perspective. A persons opinion belief about how large the risk associated with a hazard is (regarding negative outcomes)A general perspective of humans mind towards taking or avoiding a risk when decision making how to proceed in situations with uncertain outcomes. Risk Attitude towards taking risks or avoiding risk are i.e, Risk aversion, Risk Tolerance, Risk Neutral. So, all decisions about how pleasant a risk is in individual or societal terms deepened on market events or trends. The actual behavior of people when facing a risk situation, each investor has unique personal risk tendencies, investment style, and level of risk awareness. These characteristics, in addition to the expectation of returns, help investment decision making and portfolio construction. According to traditional finances capital asset pricing model, due to investor risk aversion, rational investors control that increased investment risk demands return with a higher premium.Diag rammatical Expression of Variable1Purpose of the study (Hypothesis Testing)Hypothesis testing offers an enhanced misgiving of the relationship that exists among variables. It could also established casual and effect relationship. The research Impact of Investor attitude towards risk on Stock Market?, includes there are certain variables upon which the growth of Stock Market depends these are come to rate, Risk Aversion, Risk Tolerance, Risk Neutral ,Uncertainty.Research is being carried out to analyze the nature of the relationship between all these variables.HypothesisRisk Tolerance Investor Investors who tend towards higher risk are more adventurous and so are impulsive to attempt high-risk, high reward investments.H1 Investor who has a higher tolerance to risk that have world-shattering impact on stock market volatilityH2 Investor who has a higher tolerance to risk that have no profound impact on stock market volatilityRisk Aversive Investor People who tend towards lower ris k behavior are less unstrained to engage in risky adventurous behavior due to their low risk tolerance. That is, this kind of investor has a high degree of risk perception in financial products.H3 Investor who are risk aversive has profound impact on stock market volatilityH4 Investor who are risk aversive has no solid impact on stock market volatilityRisk Neutral InvestorSomeone is completely indifferent to the risk involved an investment and is only pertain about expected return.H5 Investor who are risk neutral has significant impact on stock market volatilityH6 Investor who are risk neutral has no significant impact on stock market volatilityMethodology (Sample Data Collection)Sample is taken from Islamabad stock exchange and data solicitation is based on primary data using questionnaire consist of five likert scale including Strongly Agree, Agree, No Strong Opinion, Disagree, Strongly Disagree to analyze the bloodsucking and non inter interdependent variables. The questio nnaire sample obtained from the valid source The Scottish Life Risk Attitude Profiling Questionnaire is based on the Byrne Blake Risk Profile Questionnaire?2. The Respondents which have obtained during the research work are 30 that included 20 brokers, 10 small investors i.e Man, Woman having different qualification, age and income groups. To analyze the data being a researcher we used Regression and correlation in SPSS to see the impact and relationship between variables.Data Analysis and DiscussionThe results drawn from statistical analysis is based on regression analysis. As the independent variable is comprised of three facets i.e, risk aversion, risk taking and risk neutral so several hierarchical regression analyses are performed to formally check the hypothesis. Separate regression analyses are run for analyzing independent-dependent relationship.Regression has been used in order to measure that how much variation in dependent variables has been caused by independent variable . The results are as followsRisk Aversion(a) representative Summary exerciseRR public squareAdjusted R fledgeStd. Error of the Estimate1.467(a).218.048.48900InterpretationTable illustrate that value of R Square is 0.218 which is equal to 21.8 %. This means that independent variable i.e. risk aversion is accounting system for 21.8 % of variation in the dependent variable i.e stock market.(b) ANOVAModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareF1Regression1.5355.3071.284 equalizer5.50023.239Total7.03428a. Predictors (Constant), risk aversionb. Dependent Variable Stock marketInterpretationF ( 1. 101) = 1.284 P Since the value of P is less than 0.01, so we can say that the overall effect of this independent variable is highly significant.RISK Tolerance(a) Model SummaryModelRR SquareAdjusted R SquareStd. Error of the Estimate1.442(a).195-.025.50735Predictors (Constant), risk toleranceInterpretationTable illustrate that value of R Square is 0.195 which is equal to 19.5 %. This means that independen t variable i.e. risk tolerance is accounting for 19.5 % of variation in the dependent variable i.e. stock market.(b) ANOVAModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareF1Regression1.3726.229.888 oddment5.66322.257Total7.03428a. Predictors (Constant), risk toleranceb. Dependent Variable Stock marketInterpretationF ( 1. 101) = 0.888 P Since the value of P is less than 0.01, so we can say that the overall effect of this independent variable is highly significant.Risk Neutral(a) Model SummaryModelRR SquareAdjusted R SquareStd. Error of the Estimate1.687(a).472-.056.51517Predictors (Constant), risk toleranceInterpretationTable illustrate that value of R Square is 0.472 which is equal to 47.2 %. This means that independent variable i.e. risk neutral is accounting for 19.5 % of variation in the dependent variable i.e. stock market.(b) ANOVAModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareF1Regression3.31914.237.893Residual3.71614.265Total7.03428Predictors (Constant), risk neutralDependent Variable Stock marketInterpret ationF (1. 101) = 0.893 P CONCLUSIONThis study uses the questionnaire undertake to test the risk attitudes and returns expectations of investors of limited Islamabad stock exchange. There are different trends and economic crisis that rapidly changed the attitude of investors of male and female. Variance analysis also found that less experienced investors have lower risk propensity and higher risk perception. However, considering individual attitude and perception about returns of stock market either influenced positively or negatively that assessed during research questionnaire. In the test model, investor experience and their risk propensity is in positive correlation. So, the conclusion of this study is legitimate with recent literature, however the relationship between risk attitude and expected returns has not yet been determined as successful and strong empirical result.RECOMMENDATIONS research worker recommended the followings ways to gain higher return from their investing attitude. Compare current stock value with historical results of securities or bonds markets. If you are risk aversive and guide higher income during shorter period of time and at low risk, you will hire to find other financial instruments. As we know that, there is direct correlation between risk and income. The higher is income, the higher is risk so investor should ensure about their instruments worth in which he/she going to invest such can be divided as follows bank savings, bonds and shares. Another issue is that somehow media reports negatively about stock market return so, investor rapidly change their mind set as the framing heuristic applied without thinking the validity of education. So investor should protect his or her investments. Having bribed securities, keep monitoring securities market periodically. Other Recommendations are that Do not spread the whole money in the market and prefer to invest in only those companies that pay a dividend and that have a history of raising their dividend every year. Investor should forget making a profit instead focus on the income provided from the stock portfolio and make every stock purchase with the intent that the purchase will be a long-term investment. Develop a savings plan to add to your holdings each quarter to help dividend reinvestments to hoard more shares on a cost averaging basis.REFERENCESAmos Tversky Daniel Kahneman Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4157. (Sep. 27, 1974), pp. 1124-1131.Jaimie Sung, Sherman Hanna, Factors related to risk tolerance, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 7,1996, pag. 14).Levin Irwin P., Mary A. Snyder and Daniel P. Chapman (1975), The Interaction of Experiential and Situational Factors and Gender in a Simulated Risky Decision-Making Task, Journal of Psychology, 1988, 122(2),pp. 173-181)Powell Melanie, and David Ansic (1997), Gender Differences in Risk Behaviour in Financial Decision-Making An Experimental Analysis, Journal of Economic Psychology, 18(6), 1998, pp. 605-628.Risk Attitude Profiling questionnairehttp//www.scottishlife.co.uk/scotlife/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?fileName=Risk_Attitude_Questionnaire.pdfSourcehttp//www.emeraldinsight.com/books.htm?chapterid=1760442show=htmlSitkin and Pablo (1992) Review of management Review-1992.vol 17, No.1, p-38).Shyan-Rong Chou, Gow-Liang Huang, Hui-Lin Hsu (2010) International Research Journal of Finance and Economics ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 44 (2010) Euro Journals Publishing, Inc. 2010. http//www.eurojournals.com/finance.html)Investor Attitudes Towards Risk on Stock MarketInvestor Attitudes Towards Risk on Stock MarketFor the abnormal return in stock market, investor attitudes will become increasingly important. This paper attempts to analyze the impact of investor attitude towards risk that have a greater influence on stock market .In this study researcher focused on particular Islamabad stock market and obtain primary data based on five point Likert scale from investor of ISE. The data indicate that investors have well different attitudes toward various investments. However, there are significant statistical differences between attitudes of the investor groups in their attitudes toward three risk types. These data also show significant differences in attitudes toward risk. After analyzing the data through the Regression and Correlation, including ANOVA test, the result found the significance impact of variables on stock market.IntroductionThe whole financial theory is based on the basic hypothesis of rational investor on the financial markets. This rationality is characterized by a continuous quest of the investors to maximize their utility function (actually maximizing the return of the investment for a given risk level or minimizing the risk for an expected return level). In spite their rationality investors have a different perception over risk, its bearing having an important psychological factor. Most investors show different attitude towards risk like moti vated risk aversion, but we can find on the financial markets. While risk behavior has been studied intensely and a large number of risk perception. done attention to risk perception and risk propensity which are mediators in attitude transaction, financial institutions can realize the effects on investor behavior and their returns expectations. The first section of this paper is the introduction, the second section is the literature review, the third section establishes hypothesis model, the fourth section presents the study results and the fifth section is the conclusion and recommendations.Different Studies are available far less research exists regarding peoples mind-sets towards risk taking, i.e., risk attitudes, such as, risk aversion, risk tolerance and risk neutral. These can be conceptualized as two poles of a one-dimensional attitude towards risk-taking but also as two separate concepts. It is widely assumed that people differ considerably in their attitude towards risks, ranging from good sense to risk-seeking and even pleasure in risk-taking.The first trial of conceptualizing the investors risk aversion belongs to Milton Friedman and Leonard Savage (Milton Friedman, Leonard Savage Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk, JPE, 1948) who defined the risk aversion by using the following decisional situation an investor who can chose among comparable investments will always chose the one with the lowest risk. Explaining the investment behavior using the returns of risky financial investments utility function brought a new perspective to the risk aversion theory. Further studies showed that there are also other factors with direct impact over the attitude towards risk (economic growth forecasts of a market, the level of training and the experience gained, fluctuations of the exchange market, psychological factors, biases and heuristics etc.).This paper follows studies conducted with investors to examine investor attitudes and behavior towards inhere nt risk and potential returns in stock market.Statement of the ProblemThe problem statement of research was Impact of Investor Attitude towards Risk on Stock Market?. major variables used in this study include stock market return volatility and risk attitude i.e risk tolerance, risk aversive, risk neutral variables that are the indicators of investor attitude.Objective the objectives of research are-To study how these attitude types are affecting the stock market.To find whether there is any relationship between stock market index and investor behavior.Significance of the StudyThe market return fluctuate according to events and trends , the human mind also have some psychological factor that can be influenced or might directs towards good or bad decision making regarding investment. From this study individual investor can get knowledge how their behavior that can maximize or minimize their utility in investment plan in market portfolio. They can change their behavior accordingly. E very Kind of individual like small investor including Man, Women with different status i.e. single or Martial with different age can change their mind set and able to understand how they should make decision to see the market trends or events.Review of LiteratureThere is lot work has been done so far in this regard. this instant we have overview some of researcher works in this section of the paper as review literature. With the reference of research topic, some of studies are being done in which all the variables includes Risk attitude factors i.e Risk Aversion, Risk Tolerance, Risk are taken into consideration to define the impact of those variables on stock market.Levin, Synder and chapman (1975) were bear on with the differences between men and women in accepting the risks of financial investments, they focused on a group of 110 students using a questionnaire regarding lotteries to check the more risk aversive according to gender differentiation. the results indicating that wo men are more risk aversive than menPowell and Ansic (1997) questioned a small group regarding property insurance and the exchange market and again found that women are more aversive than men (this study was among the first which analyzed individual aversion towards speculative and pure risks) using information regarding the weight of the funds invested in risky assets.Jaimie Sung and Hannna (1996) analyzed the risk tolerance corresponding to four ethnic groups Caucasian, Hispanic, Black and others. Given the substantial differences among risk tolerance capacities of these groups (the Caucasians have the highest risk tolerance and theBlacks the lowest) we may assert that this factor has a direct impact on the way investors accept and perceive the risk attached to financial investments. Education also has a direct influence on risk tolerance, as several studies prove a direct link between higher education and the acceptance of higher risk related to investments. The analysis was condu cted on four education levels primary school, high school, college and postgraduate studies. The results try out an intense and direct impact on accepting financial risk the higher the subjects education, the higher his tolerance to risk.Sitkin and Pablo (1992) developed a model of determinants of risk behavior. In this model, personal risk preferences and past experiences form an important risk factor in which to frame the problem, and social influence also affects the individuals perception. Sitkin and Weingart (1995) extend the Sitkin-Pablo model leash to the definition that risk perception and propensity are the mediators in risk behaviors of uncertainty decision-making.Shyan-Rong Chou, Gow-Liang Huang, Hui-Lin Hsu (2010) has done research on Investor Attitudes and Behavior towards Inherent Risk and say-so Returns in Financial Products?. They establish a model by which to measure attitudes and behavior towards investment risk.They used variables Risk propensity, Risk percepti on, Behavior finance, Decision making. They study to form a framework (framing) for interpretation of their respective populations attitudes and behaviors. Empirical results found no difference by gender to investor propensity to take risk, nor in cognitive perception of such. However, higher and lower perceptions of risk were indicated by investors according to their personal investment experience. Investors with little experience in stocks and structured notes were found to have significantly sensitive perception of risk. Thus the model proposed is relevant in finding a positive correlation between experience and propensity of risk, though the understanding of such remains uncertain. In respect to financial products other than mutual funds, investor propensity and perception of risk tend to show a negative correlation.Amos Tversky Daniel Kahneman (1974) defines in their research Judgment under Uncertainty Heuristics and Biases? that Heuristics that are important feature of the in dividual decision-making process which may be considered to include thought representativeness and availability. They founded that there is anchoring bias in the decision-making process which arises due to factors such as overconfidence, loss aversion, status quo bias, mental accounting, framing and so on. Investors in the process of assessing the risks and returns are influenced by this anchor effect.All these studies proved the complexity of risk aversion and its subjective dimension, as the estimates are difficult to obtain accurately. Investors have ultimately a unique behavior which results in un balanced price, no matter how adverse they are to risk. Understanding risk aversion offers another perspective for constructing and optimizing risky financial portfolios.Theoretical body workOur theoretical frame work is as under(Independent Variables)Risk AversionRisk ToleranceRisk Neutral(Dependent Variable)Stock Market accountThe possibility of physical or social or financial harm /detriment / loss due to a exposure. This is the (dominating) negative perspective however, there is also a neutral perspective, i.e., risk = uncertainty about the outcomes (good and/or bad ones) of a decision and a positive perspective. A persons opinion belief about how large the risk associated with a hazard is (regarding negative outcomes)A general perspective of humans mind towards taking or avoiding a risk when deciding how to proceed in situations with uncertain outcomes. Risk Attitude towards taking risks or avoiding risk are i.e, Risk aversion, Risk Tolerance, Risk Neutral. So, all decisions about how pleasurable a risk is in individual or societal terms deepened on market events or trends. The actual behavior of people when facing a risk situation, each investor has unique personal risk tendencies, investment style, and level of risk awareness. These characteristics, in addition to the expectation of returns, help investment decision making and portfolio construction. Ac cording to traditional finances capital asset pricing model, due to investor risk aversion, rational investors understand that increased investment risk demands return with a higher premium.Diagrammatical Expression of Variable1Purpose of the study (Hypothesis Testing)Hypothesis testing offers an enhanced understanding of the relationship that exists among variables. It could also established casual and effect relationship. The research Impact of Investor attitude towards risk on Stock Market?, includes there are certain variables upon which the growth of Stock Market depends these are cheer rate, Risk Aversion, Risk Tolerance, Risk Neutral ,Uncertainty.Research is being carried out to analyze the nature of the relationship between all these variables.HypothesisRisk Tolerance Investor Investors who tend towards higher risk are more adventurous and so are willing to attempt high-risk, high reward investments.H1 Investor who has a higher tolerance to risk that have significant impact on stock market volatilityH2 Investor who has a higher tolerance to risk that have no significant impact on stock market volatilityRisk Aversive Investor People who tend towards lower risk behavior are less willing to engage in risky adventurous behavior due to their low risk tolerance. That is, this kind of investor has a high degree of risk perception in financial products.H3 Investor who are risk aversive has significant impact on stock market volatilityH4 Investor who are risk aversive has no significant impact on stock market volatilityRisk Neutral InvestorSomeone is completely indifferent to the risk involved an investment and is only implicated about expected return.H5 Investor who are risk neutral has significant impact on stock market volatilityH6 Investor who are risk neutral has no significant impact on stock market volatilityMethodology (Sample Data Collection)Sample is taken from Islamabad stock exchange and data collection is based on primary data using questionnai re consist of five likert scale including Strongly Agree, Agree, No Strong Opinion, Disagree, Strongly Disagree to analyze the dependent and nondependent variables. The questionnaire sample obtained from the valid source The Scottish Life Risk Attitude Profiling Questionnaire is based on the Byrne Blake Risk Profile Questionnaire?2. The Respondents which have obtained during the research work are 30 that included 20 brokers, 10 small investors i.e Man, Woman having different qualification, age and income groups. To analyze the data being a researcher we used Regression and correlation in SPSS to see the impact and relationship between variables.Data Analysis and DiscussionThe results drawn from statistical analysis is based on regression analysis. As the independent variable is comprised of three facets i.e, risk aversion, risk taking and risk neutral so several hierarchical regression analyses are performed to formally check the hypothesis. Separate regression analyses are run for analyzing independent-dependent relationship.Regression has been used in order to measure that how much variation in dependent variables has been caused by independent variable. The results are as followsRisk Aversion(a) Model SummaryModelRR SquareAdjusted R SquareStd. Error of the Estimate1.467(a).218.048.48900InterpretationTable illustrate that value of R Square is 0.218 which is equal to 21.8 %. This means that independent variable i.e. risk aversion is accounting for 21.8 % of variation in the dependent variable i.e stock market.(b) ANOVAModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareF1Regression1.5355.3071.284Residual5.50023.239Total7.03428a. Predictors (Constant), risk aversionb. Dependent Variable Stock marketInterpretationF ( 1. 101) = 1.284 P Since the value of P is less than 0.01, so we can say that the overall effect of this independent variable is highly significant.RISK Tolerance(a) Model SummaryModelRR SquareAdjusted R SquareStd. Error of the Estimate1.442(a).195-.025.50735Predictor s (Constant), risk toleranceInterpretationTable illustrate that value of R Square is 0.195 which is equal to 19.5 %. This means that independent variable i.e. risk tolerance is accounting for 19.5 % of variation in the dependent variable i.e. stock market.(b) ANOVAModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareF1Regression1.3726.229.888Residual5.66322.257Total7.03428a. Predictors (Constant), risk toleranceb. Dependent Variable Stock marketInterpretationF ( 1. 101) = 0.888 P Since the value of P is less than 0.01, so we can say that the overall effect of this independent variable is highly significant.Risk Neutral(a) Model SummaryModelRR SquareAdjusted R SquareStd. Error of the Estimate1.687(a).472-.056.51517Predictors (Constant), risk toleranceInterpretationTable illustrate that value of R Square is 0.472 which is equal to 47.2 %. This means that independent variable i.e. risk neutral is accounting for 19.5 % of variation in the dependent variable i.e. stock market.(b) ANOVAModelSum of SquaresdfM ean SquareF1Regression3.31914.237.893Residual3.71614.265Total7.03428Predictors (Constant), risk neutralDependent Variable Stock marketInterpretationF (1. 101) = 0.893 P CONCLUSIONThis study uses the questionnaire start out to test the risk attitudes and returns expectations of investors of particular Islamabad stock exchange. There are different trends and economic crisis that rapidly changed the attitude of investors of male and female. Variance analysis also found that less experienced investors have lower risk propensity and higher risk perception. However, considering individual attitude and perception about returns of stock market either influenced positively or negatively that assessed during research questionnaire. In the test model, investor experience and their risk propensity is in positive correlation. So, the conclusion of this study is accordant with recent literature, however the relationship between risk attitude and expected returns has not yet been determined as s uccessful and strong empirical result.RECOMMENDATIONS research worker recommended the followings ways to gain higher return from their investing attitude. Compare current stock value with historical results of securities or bonds markets. If you are risk aversive and need higher income during shorter period of time and at low risk, you will need to find other financial instruments. As we know that, there is direct correlation between risk and income. The higher is income, the higher is risk so investor should ensure about their instruments worth in which he/she going to invest such can be divided as follows bank savings, bonds and shares. Another issue is that somehow media reports negatively about stock market return so, investor rapidly change their mind set as the framing heuristic applied without thinking the validity of information. So investor should protect his or her investments. Having purchased securities, keep monitoring securities market periodically. Other Recommendatio ns are that Do not spread the whole money in the market and prefer to invest in only those companies that pay a dividend and that have a history of raising their dividend every year. Investor should forget making a profit instead focus on the income provided from the stock portfolio and make every stock purchase with the intent that the purchase will be a long-term investment. Develop a savings plan to add to your holdings each quarter to help dividend reinvestments to conglomerate more shares on a cost averaging basis.REFERENCESAmos Tversky Daniel Kahneman Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4157. (Sep. 27, 1974), pp. 1124-1131.Jaimie Sung, Sherman Hanna, Factors related to risk tolerance, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 7,1996, pag. 14).Levin Irwin P., Mary A. Snyder and Daniel P. Chapman (1975), The Interaction of Experiential and Situational Factors and Gender in a Simulated Risky Decision-Making Task, Journal of Psychology, 1988, 122(2),pp. 173-181)Powell Melanie, and D avid Ansic (1997), Gender Differences in Risk Behaviour in Financial Decision-Making An Experimental Analysis, Journal of Economic Psychology, 18(6), 1998, pp. 605-628.Risk Attitude Profiling questionnairehttp//www.scottishlife.co.uk/scotlife/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?fileName=Risk_Attitude_Questionnaire.pdfSourcehttp//www.emeraldinsight.com/books.htm?chapterid=1760442show=htmlSitkin and Pablo (1992) Review of management Review-1992.vol 17, No.1, p-38).Shyan-Rong Chou, Gow-Liang Huang, Hui-Lin Hsu (2010) International Research Journal of Finance and Economics ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 44 (2010) Euro Journals Publishing, Inc. 2010. http//www.eurojournals.com/finance.html)

Psychology Essay examples -- science

PsychologyMales and females have many different opinions in term of choosing their mates and long-term partners. But I strongly agree with Buss on the idea that women give more importance to kindness and generosity in term of choosing their long-term partner. Because I noticed that a man who is kind and benevolent will spend more time on her and then show love and take good care of the family. But one thing that I do not really agree with Buss is the idea of resource, I do believe that women give importance to resources moreover to me it is not just for their children but also most for themselves. Because I have the example of a two kids mom who divorce with her husband after he won three one thousand million dollar last summer. By divorcing, she did not care about the kids but the money. Also we have more and women who do not want to have kids and unperturbed choose their mates base on financial views. One more thing is that I noticed that women like to show off. For example the y like to wear off expensive clothes with brand name such as Kenneth Cole, they like diamonds and gold. Also women like to enjoy life especially by going to spend in the Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago). So women are more likely to refer on financial view in term of choosing their mates because they want to acquire that stuff. hands in the other hand do give too much importance to money because they think that they are the ones who have to provide for the family. The primary inconsistency between Hetherington and Wallerstei...

The Natural Feminine in Romanticism: A Commentary Essay -- Gender F

After Bethany and Sarahs presentation, Nature as Woman, I was interested and confused - as were they, I think - by the multiplicity of contradicting views of nature as it relates to gender. According to dominant views on Romanticism, access to nature required a distinctly feminine perspective. Paradoxically, this feminine perspective, entitled ycleped sensibility was to be taken utilized most effectively by men, yet it rested on feminine emotion as a more pure receipt to nature (Fay 5). According to G.J. Barker-Benfields The Culture of Sensibility the sentimentalizing process involved the temperance of a certain manliness that is uncouth and savage (288) unless moderated by a feminine influence, then woman was to use the so-called natural gifts of her sex to lend culture to her more robust and virile counterpart. On first glance, this moderation of manly characteristics appears to lend legitimacy to feminine root wordls however, this discernible liberation of the feminine illum inates two very serious problems. First, as Barker-Benfield points out, feminine ideals atomic number 18 privileged, but only as they serve to improve upon man woman is not idealised in her own right. In this service of a masculine purpose woman was to be fashioned by men rather than by herself (288). Second, the obviously legitimisation of feminine ideals can appear progressive but, as a result, ultimately serves to authenticate an idea of natural femininity that is, in the opinion of many a feminist, a repressing patriarchal social construct that lacks any real biological referent. Thus it is very fitting, - but not the least bit subtle - that this artificial idea of femininity should be directly applied to Nature herself. If, as Betha... ...constantly striving and failing to solidify and naturalize its gender assumptions. In the end, gender and patriarchy itself are proven unstable and fundamentally paranoid. Works Cited Bethany and Sarah. Nature Being Represented as Woman. R omantic Travellers. 10 Feb. 2005. David S. Miall. 18 Feb. 2005. http//www.ualberta.ca/dmiall/Travel/index.htm Fay, Elizabeth A. A Feminist establishment to Romanticism. Malden Blackwell, 1998. Privett, Anne. Appropriating Nature Gilpin, the picturesque and Landscape Gardenting. Appropriating Nature A Presentation for English 409. 10 Feb. 2005. Khaghan Parker, Anne Privett and Luke Ingberg. 18 Feb, 2005 2006. http//members.shaw.ca/weaters/index.htm Mulvey, Laura. Visual Pleasure in Narrative Cinema. Literary possible action An Anthology. Ed. Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan. Malden and Oxford Blackwell, 1998.