Piaget vs Vygotsky Essay

Initially the study of lifespan development rose due to Darwin’s desire to understand human evaluation (Boyd & Bee, 2006). Developmental psychology is concerned with the changes of people during their life span including motor skill changes, problem solving changes, moral understanding changes, but it is originally concerned with these changes during infancy and childhood (Boyd & Bee, 2006). Without any doubts, Jean Piaget (1896-1980) and Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934), are two major contributors who have affected developmental psychology with their theories on human development. According to Lerman (1996), Piaget and Vygotsky belong to two different traditions; Piaget belongs to the constructivism perspective that sees learning as construction and Vygotsky to the activity theory perspective that sees learning as an appropriation. According to Piaget, cognitive development results from the development of the brain, acquiring new abilities and experiences, thus he separated development into stages (as cited in Santrock, 2008). Piaget developed four stages the sensori-motor stage (0-2 years) where the infant is trying to make sense of the world, and acquires the development of object permanence (Shaffer & Kipp, 2007). The pre-operational stage (2-7 years) where language development, animism, egocentrism and the use of symbols hallmark this stage (Shaffer &Kipp, 2007). The concrete operational stage (7-11 years) where children start classifying objects and are able to conserve and think logically about objects and events (Shaffer & Kipp, 2007). And the formal operational stage (11 years and beyond) where children develop hypothetico-deductive reasoning and imaginary audience and believe in the uniqueness of oneself and one’s experiences (Shaffer & Kipp, 2007). On the other hand, Vygotsky developed his sociocultural theory indicating that cognitive development is promoted in a â€Å"sociocultural† context which influences the form it takes (Shaffer & Kipp, 2007). Furthermore, Vygotsky indicated that many of the child’s most important cognitive functions develop from social interactions with parents, teachers and other more competent associates. Moreover, Vygotsky elaborated his Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) where the child is the learner and can manage independently and the difference between what the children can learn with guidance of a more skilled and competent partner and expect further cognitive growth, by internalising the help of the skilled partner (Shaffer & Kipp, 2007). Starting on the debate and trying to shed light upon the different approaches on development from Piaget and Vygotsky, the differences on egocentric speech and language will be analyzed. Vygotsky in one of his main books published in 1934 â€Å"Thought and Language† wrote about Piaget â€Å"Psychology owes a great deal to Jean Piaget. It is not an exaggeration to say that he revolutionised the study of child language and thought† (Vygotsky, 1962, p.9). Though, even if he exalted Piaget he differed his approach around the concepts of egocentric speech and egocentrism. In line with Vygotsky (1962, p. 14-15), the outcome of the observations of Piaget led him to the conclusion that children’s speech can be divided only in two distinct entities, the egocentric speech and socialized speech. The difference between them is due to their functions, during egocentric speech the child talks only about him having no interest in other people and expecting no answers, whereas socialized speech attempts exchanges with other people. According to Vygotsky, the conclusions of Piaget showed that the majority of preschool children talk is egocentric, though when the child reaches school age, egocentric speech declines (Vygotsky, 1962, p. 16).Vygotsky differed his view from Piaget on egocentric speech believing that it has a specific function and this function other than its communicative role, it also serves as a thinking tool and as a tool to solve problems (Vygotsky, 1962, p. 18). Piaget and Vygotsky seem to agree that inner speech develops from egocentric speech which leads to logical thinking, though Vygotsky highlighted language as an apparatus of thought other than another way of expression. On the other hand, Piaget awarded to language a less significant role than Vygotsky toward the development of thought (Piaget, 1970). Moreover, Vygotsky praised the use of language and egocentric speech as thinking tools which promote development, but Piaget disagrees indicating that Vygotsky could not understand that egocentrism could be a main obstacle for learning, concluding that language can also reduce learning and development (Piaget, 1962). Another main issue where Vygotsky and Piaget collide is the role of the social and the role of the individual in learning. Piaget indicates that teaching is divided in two sides, the one is the rising individual, and the other side consists of social, intellectual, and moral values that the educator attempts to transmit (Piaget, 1969). Piaget’s aim was to make children capture the solution of the problem on their own strength, self-regulation, and their own experiences rather than receiving help from any rules or from a more skilled individual (Piaget, 1969). Thus, Piaget points out that learning is not social, and that the individual on his own entirely captures the surrounding knowledge. On the contrary, Vygotsky who belongs to the activity theory indicates that learning is an active process from the child’s perspective, and that the child can duplicate culturally accumulated knowledge with assistance from social support (Vygotsky, 1962). The outstanding difference in learning is that Piaget perceives the individual as the onset of learning and also children can learn through repetitive interaction and experience with the environment, moreover the egocentric speech serves as a tool for logical thinking, though it can also intricate the meaning (Piaget, 1969). On the other hand, Vygotsky is emphasising more that an individual (child) cannot produce knowledge and learn without the verbal interaction and activity of other probably more skilled individuals (Vygotsky, 1962). Thus, Piaget seems to combine and emphasise on both the individual side and the social side, whereas Vygotsky emphasises more on one side, the social side. Additionally, Vygotsky proposes that knowledge arrives from the outside, on the contrary though Piaget points out that learning lies on a child’s innate capability. Piaget was mainly affected from his biological roots which influenced his approach on human development, and Vygotsky was influenced by the Marxist tradition forming his own ideas about human development and that is where the foundational difference lies on these two approaches on the essence of humanness (Newman & Holzman, 1993). On the contrary to Piaget who has strongly settled in a biological worldview and asserts human development in the adaptation to the environment, Vygotsky emphasizes on the centrality of transformative collaborative practices by individuals who do not adapt to their environment but as a whole transform it, and through this transformation also alter themselves and acquire their own status and essence (Newman & Holzman, 1993). For Piaget what promotes cognitive growth is disequilibration, a revolution made from the connection of two elemental processes. Concurrences with the world were either adapted, assimilated to anterior existing mental functions, or prevailing functions were altered to accommodate them. According to Piaget, there is this double connection between assimilation and accommodation highlighting that this double connection leads to cognitive growth, but none of these two functions can serve on its own the purpose of cognitive growth (Bruner, 1990). On the other hand, Vygotsky did not attribute to the mind this logical calculus. For Vygotsky, the mind is determined to consist of processes for attributing experience with meaning. Vygotsky indicated that meaning does not entirely depend upon language but also on the ability to apprehend the cultural context where language is used (Bruner, 1990). Vygotsky believed that cognitive growth would be promoted by acquiring essential order culturally allocated symbolic structures, with each of these symbolic structures having the ability to blend or switch pre-existing knowledge (Bruner, 1990). Additionally, these essential orders are manufactured by culture and cognitive growth is not formed by the biological perspective unless they are aided by language and culture which rely upon endured social interactions. Piaget was mainly concerned with the balanced order of mental development, whereas Vygotsky was merely concerned with how other more skilled individuals or the society implement the cultural patterning that constructs the process of cognitive growth and makes development achievable. According to Vygotsky’s general genetic law of cultural development any function the childe displays during his cultural development will appear two times. Firstly, it will appear in the social stage and then on the psychological stage. For Vygotsky, the unit of analysis is the individual engaging in social activities rather than psychological activity of the individual’s characteristics, arguing with Piaget’s position that children’s development must precede learning, Vygotsky’s position was that the development process lies behind the learning process. These two major theorists seem to disagree ontologically about learning due to the fact that Piaget is a constructionist and Vygotsky belongs to the activity theory. Ontologically constructivism indicates that there is no reality that exists outside of human thinking, whereas the activity theory points out that for everything that exists it does include physical characteristics. Furthermore, constructivism indicates that knowledge and thinking are inextricably on people’s brains and they just construct from their personal experiences. On the contrary, the activity theory indicates that knowledge is formed from a social negotiation involving people. Another issue which differs Vygotsky’s approach from Piaget’s is that the Piagetian theory does not provoke that children perform tasks that are far away from their cognitive capabilities. The teacher simply prepares the environment for the child’s developmental level of mental operations, concluding that the child is limited by its own developmental stage. On the other hand, Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development welcomes the child to attempt beyond its potential mental capabilities. Both theorists have contributed with their approaches of human development. The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget and the Russian Lev Vygotsky consequently influenced from their environments and cultures and also from their beliefs in constructivism and the activity theory formed their approaches on human development were in some parts seem to agree, but have major differences between them. Most critiques reflecting on these two approaches seem to weigh more on Piaget due to the fact that several developmental tasks he applied on children especially in the pre-operational stage are not clearly stated and it seemed that Piaget often underestimated children’s mental capabilities. Piaget claimed that pre-operational children cannot decentre on the ‘three mountain task’ though new studies have shown that by altering the objects with something more familiar, children were able to decentre. Also in some other Piagetian tasks children performed better than expected by Piaget. And that has revealed that Vygotsky’s approach to the socio-cultural aspect seems more appropriate than Piaget’s constructivist approach. REFERENCE LIST: Boyd, D. & Bee, H. (2006). Lifespan Development (4th. Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Lerman, S. (1996). ‘Intersubjectivity in Mathematics Learning: A Challenge to the Radical Constructivist Paradigm?’ Journal for Research in Mathematics Education Vol. 27 2, pp.211-223. Newman, F., & Holzman, L. (1993). Lev Vygotsky: Revolutionary Scientist. London: Routledge. Piaget, J. (1962). Comments on Vygotsky’s critical remarks concerning ‘The Language and Thought of the Child’, and ‘Judgement and Reasoning in the Child’. Cambridge: Massachusetts, The M.I.T. Piaget, J. (1969). Psykologi og paedagogik Copenhagen: Hans Reitzell. Piaget, J. (1970). Genetic Epistemology. New York: Columbia University. Santrock, J., W. (2008). A topical approach to life-span development (4th Edition). New York City: McGraw- Hill. Shaffer, D., R., & Kipp, K. (2007). Developmental Psychology: Childhood & Adolescence (7th Edition). Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth. Vygotsky, L., S. (1962). Thought and Language Cambridge: Massachusetts, The M.I.T. View as multi-pages

A strong sense of class consciousness in “Emma”

There is a strong sense of class consciousness in â€Å"Emma†. What is Emma's attitude towards social position? How do the Martins and the Cole's reflect changes in the class structure of 19th century England? How willing is Emma to accept these changes? Compare and contrast Emma and Mr Knightley's attitudes towards Robert Martin. â€Å"Emma† was written at the beginning of the Nineteenth century when dramatic change was going on in social structures. Up until then society was governed by a rigid class system and mixing of classes was very rare, however the ‘middle class', the land owners and work-force owners were beginning to carve their own place in society. Increases in international trading and the start of the Industrial Revolution were key factors in the rise of the ‘middle class'. Emma as the daughter of a substantial landowner and at the top of society resists these changes with immense social snobbery although she is aware the change is imminent. â€Å"Emma conceives of her society in terms of rigid inequalities; Miss Woodhouse cannot visit Mrs Martin, the Coles will not presume to invite the Weston's, Mr. Elton may not aspire to the heiress of Hartfield† writes Helen Dry, â€Å"Syntax and the Point of View in Jane Austen's Emma†, (1977), 87-99. Emma clings to ancient established ideas of social hierarchy: but only when it suits her. She ignores Harriet's illegitimacy purely for her own fancy and sees no problem in a match between Harriet and Mr. Elton, or Harriet and Frank Churchill; however the idea of an unequal match between Harriet and Mr. Knightley shocks her, â€Å"Such an elevation on her side, such a debasement on his!† She is also feels extremely insulted when Mr. Elton proposes to her: Should suppose himself her equal in connection or in mind! Look down upon her friend, so well understanding the gradations of rank below him, and be blind to what rose above, as to fancy himself shewing no presumption in addressing her!-it was most provoking. Emma objects highly to Mrs Elton, partly due to her self-inflated ideas of social status: â€Å"She brought no name, no blood, no alliance. Miss Hawkins was the youngest of two daughters of a Bristol merchant†, â€Å"The idea of being indebted to Mrs. Elton†¦The dignity of Miss Woodhouse of Hartfield, was sunk indeed!† Mrs Elton shows a great deal of snobbery herself; she is harsh, brash and arrogant, she boasts on numerous occasions about â€Å"Maple Grove†, and the â€Å"barouche-landau† belonging to her brother-in-law. She constantly compares everything and everybody to his circle: the only good society she knows. Mr. Weston marries a â€Å"portionless governess†, yet Emma does not oppose this because Mrs Weston happens to have been her governess. And Emma angrily defends Mrs Weston when Mrs Elton expresses her surprise at her ladylikeness. â€Å"I was rather astonished to find her so very lady-like! But she really is quite the gentlewoman†. Emma's inherent snobbery is demonstrated when the Coles host a party in Highbury. â€Å"The Coles were very respectable in their way, but they ought to be taught that it was not for them to arrange the terms on which the superior families would visit them. This lesson, she very much feared, they would receive only from herself; she had little hope of Mr. Knightley, none of Mr. Weston†. Emma feels the Coles are attempting to rise above their station; however she recognizes that neither Mr. Knightley nor Mr. Weston will agree or support her here because as Robert Miles writes, â€Å"they have better judgement†¦Knightley's flexibility absorbs the threat, whereas Emma's stiffness augurs friction† (Jane Austen [Northcote House, 2003], p.105) Emma's dislike of the Coles stems from their recently acquired wealth: â€Å"They†¦by this time were, in fortune and style of living, second only to the family at Hartfield.† High rank in society was dictated more by family history than current wealth. Hereditary wealth was perceived as infinitely superior to recently earned ‘new money'. However, change was imminent with the increase in trade wealth and the upper class had to accept this, some even embraced it, Emma however refuses to accept these changes and adapt to this new way of thinking. The Martins are an honest, respectable family and Emma's attitude towards them shows the extent of her snobbery, conceit and class consciousness: â€Å"amused by such a picture of another set of beings and enjoying the youthful simplicity which could speak with so much exultation of Mrs Martin's having ‘two parlours†. Here Emma laughs at the idea of less fortunate people than herself and is exceedingly patronising towards Harriet; however Emma is not perceived as cruel because she doesn't know any different and has not experienced life outside of Highbury and the unchanged community she was born into. â€Å"A young farmer†¦is the very last sort of person to raise my curiosity† She discourages Harriet's attachment to the family and in particular Robert Martin, â€Å"I did not expect much; but I had no idea that he could be so very clownish, so totally without air. I had imagined him, I confess, a degree or two nearer gentility† Emma warns her that the accident of her birth obliges her to dissociate herself from any connections which would lower her social status further; Harriet is probably of the same class as the Martins, but Emma feels that the association with herself has raised Harriet far above an association with a farming family. This demonstrates the arrogant, hypocritical and interfering characteristics which flaw Emma's character. When Mr. Martin proposes to Harriet, Emma is surprised by the quality of his letter, â€Å"She read, and was surprised. The style of the letter was much above her expectation†, this reveals the extent of her superiority and condescension. â€Å"You banished to Abbey-Mill Farm!-You confined to the society of the illiterate and vulgar all your life! I wonder how the young man could have the assurance to ask it. He must have a pretty good opinion of himself.† This shows humour and irony because what Emma says is very spiteful and untrue (although she does not mean it to be so), but also hypocritical because she has an extremely high opinion of herself. Mr. Knightley, on the other hand, has a high regard for Mr. Martin and his family; â€Å"I never hear better sense from any one than Robert Martin. He is an excellent young man both as son and brother.† Mr. Knightley is outraged when he learns of Harriet's refusal. He is a realistic, sensible man and knows Martin is a good, respectable match for Miss Smith. â€Å"Robert Martin's manners have sense, sincerity and good-humour to recommend them; and his mind has more true gentility than Harriet Smith could understand.† Emma, although aware changes in social position are happening and being accepted, is reluctant to change, and as the first lady of Highbury does not welcome the break-down of the rigid class structure. The Martins and the Coles represent these changes and we see them accepted warmly by nearly everyone except Emma. Characters such as Mr. Knightley and Mr. Weston are much more realistic, with a wider understanding of social issues than Emma, who has never left Highbury.

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MSc computer system security 'RFID' - Essay Example The prime advantage of RFID technology is its ease of use and minimalism. RFID replaces barcodes and is a time saving, effective and reliable alternative. That is the reason why it is adopted and deployed in multipurpose applications i.e. Supply Chain Management (SCM), Inventory Tracking, Theft Protection, Location based Services, Electronic Health Monitoring for health care systems, RFID integrated travel documents, payment systems and context-aware applications. In recent years, this technology is flourishing robustly due to its extensive usability in upcoming technologies i.e. Ubiquitous Computing, Pervasive Computing or Ambient Intelligence Solutions. RFID technology comprises of transmitters spreading electromagnetic technology in the environment to send and receive signals. The communication is conducted between two elements, transceiver and transponder. 2. Radio Frequency James Clerk formulated its principles in 19th Century [9]. The radio waves propagation is emitted the form of electromagnetic waves and promulgate in speed of light. The applications of radio waves consist of Radar systems, Fixed Mobile and Satellite Communication, Media Broadcasting and Computer Networks. Radio waves can utilize different band of frequencies measured in Hertz (Hz) which represents the natural process of oscillation in waves. RFID technology utilizes Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) from the electromagnetic spectrum. Light waves have certain limitations when passing through objects. On the other hand radio waves travel through solid objects and opaque materials. The range of radio frequency waves which is currently used illustrates the following ranges; 30 KHz and 30 GHz [9]. Table 1 from [9] defines the bands in the electromagnetic spectrum. 3. Barcodes and RFID There is always a logical concept of analyzing RFID as a better substitute for the barcodes systems. However, the consideration of difference between these two technologies is imperative in order to deploy them successfully. Undeniably, RFID technology does not entail a line of sight to read the tags as compared to barcodes, where it is mandatory to identify the tag optically to scan it within a squat distance. Furthermore, in RFID technology, the space for data in a tag can be more than 100 bytes which is far greater than the maximum space available in barcodes. The available storage space provides the freedom to assign identification numbers not only to a brand but also to each item individually. The valuable functionality of identifying multiple tags concurrently enhances the efficiency in any operational environment employing this technology. On the other hand, RFID technology is prone in terms of attenuation and propagation problems hereditary from radio frequency, more specifically in the existence of metal or liquid. It is also a cheaper deployment as compared to barcode technology. Consequently, RFID industry stakeholders are working tirelessl y to minimize the cost of RFID technology. The efforts are making the component prices lower, which are vital in calculating a cost of any RFID solution. As per the report in 2006, the RFID tag price will be around five cents [10]. 4. RFID Privacy and Security The protection related to privacy and security incorporated with RFID technology cannot be rectified without analyzing causes and driving factors. While ease of use and cost are the most significant factors, accumulation of

Epistemology Reason Essay Example for Free

Epistemology Reason Essay Is it true to say that there is no truth? The very concept itself is contradictory, but is still a topic worth exploring. If a person were to simply go about their life believing everything they ever heard or experienced to be true, they could be deceived without their own knowledge. Say they overheard someone talking about Sam Houston when they stated, â€Å" and then Sam Houston claimed her land. † Rightfully, without any other knowledge but their heard facts, the listener would assume â€Å"Sam Houston† to be a â€Å"Samantha† due to the possessive pronoun â€Å"her. † However, what the listener did not hear was the full sentence in which â€Å"Eliza surrendered and then Sam Houston claimed her land. † By basing their belief off of their senses of hearing, the listener was unable to acknowledge the truth behind the pronoun â€Å"her. † Similarly, in the case of epistemology, truth should not be simply based off of senses, or feelings, but off of sound reasoning. However, sometimes senses can be useful in arriving at a proven truth. The rationalist response to the view of Epistemology states that â€Å"all knowledge ultimately comes through reason† (Cowan/Spiegel, 52). This view claims that knowledge is proven true through deducing what is true from possible truths, as opposed to using the senses. As Descartes reasoned, truth can be acquired if every belief is tested to be false. Then, if it is proven that something cannot be false, it is therefore true. By taking a Biblical rationalist response to the view of Epistemology and using faith, Christians are able to acquire sound surety in their faith and view on what is true. Logic points to the rationalist response over all other views of epistemology. For example, the skeptical response states that truth is unattainable and we have no knowledge. However, if this view is to be believed, then it disproves its own claim by showing that there is truth in believing there is no truth. Skeptics put forth absurd hypotheses that cannot be proven false, but at the same time have no way of being shown true. For example, The Matrix, or Descartes’ belief in an â€Å"evil genius† who could potentially be controlling every aspect of life and humans have no way of proving this false. Summarily, the skeptic believes that there ultimately is no knowledge. This view largely contradicts Christianity because the Bible continually states from Genesis 3:5 â€Å"For God knows that when you eat from it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil† to Revelation 3:15 â€Å"I know your deeds, that you are neither cold nor hot. I wish you were either one or the other! † that knowledge does indeed exist. Therefore, if Christians believe in the scriptures, they also must believe that knowledge does exist. Another view that can be proven to be false is the empiricist response, which states that â€Å"all knowledge arises from experience† (Cowan/Spiegel, 54). This is the view is based largely off of feelings, sensations, and the experiences people learn from them. However, as exemplified in the introduction, sometimes senses fail. Anesthetics, holograms, sleep deprivation, noise recordings, candles and so many other factors can easily misguide senses. Proverbs 23:33 states, â€Å"Your eyes will see strange sights, and your mind will imagine confusing things. † This verse shows that the mind doesn’t always perceive what is being seen correctly. On the other hand, many people in the Bible were guided by their senses in visions, miracles, angels, and other events. Many times the Bible describes foolish people as being senseless (Psalm 92:6, Ecclesiastes 10:3, Jeremiah 5:21) but the senses can be swayed by the devil. 2 Timothy 2:26 says â€Å"and that they will come to their senses and escape from the trap of the devil, who has taken them captive to do his will. † So while senses can be used by God, they can also be used by the devil and ultimately should not be the deciding factor in determining what is true. People ought to not always rely on senses, but rather they should rely on the reasoning behind the senses and testing them to be false to determine what is ultimately true. As Galileo alleged, â€Å"Where the senses fail us, reason must step in. † A Biblical rationalist response is the most logical response to take while trying to understand epistemology largely because it deduces all false options and true knowledge is only acquired through seeking God. By using Descartes method of proving false beliefs false to find what is true, rational thinking deduces what is true. Proverbs 1:7 says â€Å"The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge. † Christians are only able to start to be able to attain knowledge when they start to reason and grasp how great God truly is. Only when people’s thoughts are in the correct perspective can they begin to reason properly. Through awe, Christians are able to truly contain a proper fear through respect for God, and with that in turn, truly begin to know.

Lumbar Metastatic Disease Diagnosis

Lumbar Metastatic Disease Diagnosis Arlena Davis What additional historical information do you want to collect from the patient? Healthcare professionals are supposed to gather historical information from the patient when diagnosing lumbar pain. Gathering historical information ensures proper diagnosis of lumbar pain and treatment. The following historical information would be obtained from the patient. The doctor will determine whether the patient has had any spinal problems since birth. Also, the doctor will determine whether the patient has had lumbar pain before and any treatment. In addition, the physician will determine whether the lumbar pain was sudden or gradual. This is by asking the patient to describe how the pain began. Further, the patient will be required to state what increases or decreases the pain including rest or activity. Additionally, understanding the family history is vital in diagnosing lumbar pain. The health professional should determine if there is family history of lumbar pain. The doctor determines whether the patient is suffering from any disease that might cause the lumbar pain. Injuries and accidents can cause lumbar pain and the health professional should determine if the patient had an accident or injury. Wong,  D.A., Transfeldt, E., Macnab, I. (2007).  Macnab’s backache. Philadephia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins What additional physical examination should you complete immediately and why? Physical examination is vital when diagnosing lumbar pain. Additional physical examinations are required to determine whether the patient has lumbar pain or not. The patient will do several movements while sitting, lying down and standing. This will make it easy to assess muscular and sensory problems causing the pain. Palpation is critical in identifying the affected area. Palpation helps the doctor feel tenderness and alignment of joints. This helps identify the inflamed lumbar area. Also, examining the leg pulse as pain increases the pulse. General examination of legs and trunk is done to identify the causes of the lumbar pain. Straight leg testing and nerve tests are done to determine whether the patient symptoms are due to pressure on the nerves or nerve compression. Tollison, C.D., Satterthwaite, J.R., Tollison, J.W. (2002).  Practical pain management. Philadephia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins What differentials should you consider? A differential diagnosis is important when diagnosing lumbar pain as different diseases cause pain. Various diseases affecting the bladder, colon, abdomen aorta and kidney can cause pain. Therefore, different tests should be performed to rule out the diseases. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasounds are critical in ruling out the diseases. Clinical and neurological observations should be done to eliminate the diseases. CT, MRI, blood tests, urine tests, and complete blood tests are needed to differentiate different diagnoses. Beirman, R., Bull, P., Eaton, S.(2011). Cases in differential diagnosis for the physical and manipulative therapies. Australia: Elsiever Australia The clinical scenario suggests what diagnosis? The diagnosis shows that the patient has lumbar metastatic disease. The in house lumbar x-ray showed that lumbar vertebrae had lesions which are a sign for metastatic disease. The metastatic disease causes pain in the lumbar area. Metastatic disease occurs when cancer cells break away from a cancerous tumor and travel though the blood and lymph vessels to other regions including the lumbar vertebrae. The cancer cells settle in the lumbar vertebrae and start to grow and produce new tumors. The metastatic disease compresses or damages nerves and causes pain. Rabbani, S.A., Singh, G. (2007).  Bone metastasis: Experimental and clinical therapeutics. New York City: Springer Why does he have an elevated calcium and alkaline phosphatase? The patient has high levels of alkaline phosphate and calcium. He has alkaline phosphates of 850 and calcium of 11. The high levels of calcium and alkaline phosphates are due to the metastatic disease. Cancer cells affect the bones including lumbar vertebrae and damage them. Calcium is released into the blood as the cancer cells damage the bones. The level of calcium in the blood increases as more bones are damaged. The high levels of calcium in the blood lead to loss of appetite. The levels of alkaline phosphates increase as the damaged bones dissolve. Therefore, the high levels of alkali phosphates and calcium show that the lumbar vertebrae are damaged and have dissolved. The elevated levels of alkali phosphates can also be due to liver damage as the patient has hepatomegaly. Lipton, A et al. (2011). The Science and Practice of Bone Health in Oncology: Managing Bone Loss and Metastasis in Patients With Solid Tumors. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, s1-s30 Why does he have hepatomegaly and elevated ALT/AST? The patient has hepatomegaly which is the swelling of the liver. Cancer metastases cause the liver to swell. The patient has a swollen liver because of the metastatic disease. Cancer cells have spread to the liver and caused inflammation or swelling of the liver. Liver function tests are used to determine liver functioning or the condition of a patient’s liver. The tests include AST and ALT. The AST and ALT tests were done to determine whether the patient had liver damage. AST and ALT levels are raised if the patient has liver damage. The patient’s AST and ALT levels are 600 and 700 respectively. The AST and ATL levels can increase suddenly showing a sudden liver injury or gradually depicting continuing liver damage. Thus, the patient AST and ALT levels are high because he has liver injury caused by the metastatic disease. Wallach, J.B.(2007).  Interpretation of diagnostic tests. Philadephia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins What additional screening blood test can help you confirm your diagnosis? Why is it used? There are different blood tests that can be used to confirm metastatic disease diagnosis. Blood chemistries can be done. A blood test is done to determine the amount of calcium in the blood. Calcium dissolves in the blood after bones are damages and this increases calcium levels. The patient is said to have metastatic disease if he has abnormal levels of calcium(high levels).A blood test is done to determine the level of alkaline phosphates in the blood as high levels show metastatic disease. A complete blood count can also be done as patients with metastatic bone diseases have no enough red blood cells. Schwab, M. (2008).  Encyclopedia of cancer. New York City: Springer References Beirman, R., Bull, P., Eaton, S. (2011). Cases in differential diagnosis for the physical and manipulative therapies. Australia: Elsiever Australia Lipton, A et al. (2011). The Science and Practice of Bone Health in Oncology: Managing Bone Loss and Metastasis in Patients With Solid Tumors. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, s1-s30 Rabbani, S.A., Singh, G. (2007).  Bone metastasis: Experimental and clinical therapeutics. New York City: Springer Schwab, M. (2008).  Encyclopedia of cancer. New York City: Springer Tollison, C.D., Satterthwaite, J.R., Tollison, J.W. (2002).  Practical pain management. Philadephia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Wallach, J.B. (2007).  Interpretation of diagnostic tests. Philadephia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Wong, D.A., Transfeldt, E., Macnab, I. (2007).  Macnab’s backache. Philadephia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

The Argument Of Free Will And Determinism Philosophy Essay

The Argument Of Free Will And Determinism Philosophy Essay Determinism is when a persons behaviour is considered to be affected by internal or external forces while free will is an individuals ability to make most decisions. If we agree to a deterministic description of psychology then we can precisely foretell human behaviour, which results in psychology being in a similar field of science as physics or chemistry. According to Watson, (1982:2), determinism is the view roughly, that every event and state of affairs is causally necessitated by preceding events and states of affairs. On the other hand according to Gross, (2009:210) free will is, the common sense, lay persons understanding of the term is that the actor could have behaved differently given the same circumstances. This essay will explore the different approaches to free will and determinism from different theorists for example behaviourists, neo-behaviourists and so on. The argument of free will and determinism between psychologists and philosophers has existed for years. People who are determined assume that behaviour is determined by outside and internal forces performing on the human being. One example of an outside force could be parents supporting a kind of behaviour thereby encouraging it. On the other hand an internal force would be driven by hormones. People who believe in free will assume that things are a bit difficult (Eysenck, 1994). They know that there is external and internal factors but they believe that people are free to choose their own behaviour. The free will and determinism debate could be finished up by the query that could a persons behaviour have been different in a certain situation if they willed it?(Eysenck, 1994:65) People who are deterministic would disagree and those who believe in free will would agree. Determinism is supported by more theories in psychology than free will. Behaviourists are highly determinists and they argue that the universe is ruled by certain widespread systematic principles (Eysenck, 1994). They believe an action is initiated by a certain presiding cause, and a persons action is no exception. Behaviourists also believe that accurate judgement of peoples behaviour is likely, if a persons present stimulus circumstance is recognized, and if their habitual past is recognised. Skinner (1971, cited in Gross, 2009) claimed that behaviour is determined by ecological factors and that people usually replicate behaviours that are rewarded. According to Skinner free will is an illusion. Bandura, a neobehaviourist, believed in reciprocal determinism and pointed a weakness in Skinners methodology. If human behaviours are truly determined by the external incentives and retributions, then people would always transform to conform to other people. Bandura specified that behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning (Chance, 2009). Children watch the behaviour of people surrounding them and the people being watched are named models. In society children are influenced by many people or models for example parents, actors on televisions and other models they meet at schools. Children copy these behaviours and then practise these behaviours later on in life. Bandura demonstrated with the bobo doll experiment. He illustrated how there can be hidden learning until a reward or stimulus is used to encourage that behaviour. Young children copied to either strike, or not strike the bobo doll. Only the children that witnessed the model, not g etting positive reinforcement for striking the doll really got involved in that activity. Skinner concentrated mainly on the concept that peoples behaviours are determined by the outside world. When an individuals behaviour is determined by force or punishment it is clear that there is no act of free will. One example of that could be being scared of committing an offence or crime because of the fear of going to prison. Likewise we are also shaped by positive reinforcements, for example being paid a bonus for working overtime (Gross, 2009). However we usually forget about external causes of our behaviour and assume that we are acting freely. When we are determined that we are acting freely this usually implies that we are free from negative reinforcements and this is usually a result of the awards or positive reinforcements we have had in the past. However peoples behaviours also influence their surroundings. Skinner ignored the large number of causes of behaviour. Freud also deeply believed in determinism. According to Freud, people are determined by certain unconscious feelings, outside their consciousness. Minor occurrences like referring to a person with another persons name are a result of fixed causes in the persons motivational system. Freudian slips are involuntary but motivated errors that reveal a persons true desires. According to the Psychodynamic approach internal techniques like defence mechanisms verify the type of behaviours people will have as adults. People are developmentally oriented and will biologically grow in relation to the satisfaction of their natural ability if inner circumstances are positive. However, this differs with Freuds opinion of humans as basically savage beasts, whose hostile drives and volatile sexuality can only be managed by the procedure and arrangement of civilization. Freud was negative towards human nature and saw the instinctive desires of the id as driving people near the self -centred gratificati on of primitive desires. According to the biological approach behaviour is determined by a persons chromosome and inner systems (Eysenck, 1994). When looking at mental disorders this method expresses that the patient is not to blame for their illness. Their biology inclines them to certain situations thereby making it unmanageable unless their biological make up is influenced. This has been supported to an extent, with the understanding that schizophrenia is caused by extreme chemicals in the brain that carries messages. The chaos theory and butterfly effect are an example that show that while psychology is deterministic it is best explained as probabilistic. On the other hand the humanistic approach argues that people have freewill. Carl Rogers argued that people have an inborn desire for positive growth and self-actualisation (Gross, 2009). An individual should be responsible for their behaviour. Rogers suggested client centred therapy where the therapist is known as a facilitator whose job is to help patients exercise free will. Humanistic psychologists argue that the notion that people are controlled by external forces is wrong. However Rogers also looked at the bad side of people and he quoted that, in my experience, every person has the capacity for evil behaviour. I, and others ,have had murderous and cruel impulses, desires to hurt, feelings of anger and rage ,desires to impose our wills on others à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ whether I or anyone, will translate these impulses into behaviour depends, it seems to me ,on two elements : social conditioning and voluntary choiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I believe that theoretically at least, every evil behavio ur is brought about by varying degrees of these elements (Rogers,1982 cited in Gross,2009:225). A problem for free will is causality. Free will would imply that nothing triggers an action; someone showing only random behaviour would be listed as mentally ill. Free will needs to clarify what triggers actions to occur or else behaviours are predicted to be determined. The ethical argument assumes people have free will. According to this, in order to expect ethical accountability, people must acknowledge the notion of free will. If a persons behaviour is determined by things that they cannot control then the person cannot be accountable for their actions (Hospers, 1997). However, on the other hand, laws require that grown up people do have individual accountability for their actions and so society is indirectly in favour of free will (Teichman Evans, 1999). Soft determinism is an approach that argues that all acts are caused, but only those that are not coerced or constrained are free (Gross, 2009:211). William James supported this approach which is average in relation to the two extreme opinions. According to James effort, or the impression of effort, is the main personal sign that free will has taken place. James also specified that , if our actions have, as their proximate ,immediate cause, processing by a system such as conscious mental life, t hen they count as free ,rational, voluntary, purposive actions (Gross,2009:220). Fromm claims that people are both part of the environment and also unrelated to it. People formed primitive dogmas and religious doctrines to allow them to feel less detached from the world. In Europe until lately the Catholic Church accomplished this position of giving a feeling of security. The church intervened between God and humankind, ensuring deliverance but in the course restricting human liberty (Gross, 2009). I believe we are influenced by our nature which is a combination of what we get from our genes and what we learn from our environment. Sometimes we are forced to make decisions and only get options that are forced upon us by the circumstances we are in. Those circumstances may be a direct result of previous decisions or may largely be decided by luck. Things do not usually turn out the way we really want it. I would agree that people are free to make choices that shape their lives, but, on the contrary people are related to society and consequently ones behaviour can have an effect on others despite the insignificance of the behaviour. I think the notion of cause and effect comes in the picture because there is the notion of right and wrong and the existence of society. For me then, behaviour is significant in both free will and determinism. The way you act is influenced by freedom to make choices in your life, however if put to mind, the decisions are more determined by environment and by current surroundings. (1589) How I have used feedback I have changed the way I used to put my full stops after writing a sentence and I have also worked on using shorter and understandable sentences. I have also sorted the areas where writing was in places, over complex and ungrammatical. I have also put references where they were missing and have also put the word count at the end of my essay.

Shakespeare’s Usage of Foils Illustrates Man’s Deceit :: Essays Papers

Shakespeare’s Usage of Foils Illustrates Man’s Deceit 1. William Shakespeare, the most popular playwright of all time, experiments with comedy, mystery, betrayal, romance, and tragedy in his play, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The author uses a variety of characters from different social backgrounds to give us an elaborate picture of deception. From the opening line of "Who’s there?" the reader gets the impression that people are not what they seem in this play. The interrelationships between the royalty and people of the court are well-developed to illustrate the major and minor similarities and differences between the characters. Shakespeare reveals the deceptive nature of man and the ruin it causes through his use of foils. [Many of the other essays did not follow the directions and used the definition of foils as the introduction. This writer understood that the essay was to be about the use of foils in the play. The introduction, therefore, is about the play, and it leads up to a thesis which briefly states the function (m eaning) of the foils within the play. The thesis, in other words, does not simply state that the essay will discuss foils in the play, but rather that the essay will show how the foils help reveal the deceptive nature of man and the resulting ruin. This is, I believe, also the only writer who alludes to "Who's there?" and thereby nicely connects the essay -- and thus the foils -- to much of what I emphasized in class discussions of the play.] 2. Foils are integral to this play, because many of the devious plots are revealed to the reader through them. A foil is a secondary character which [*1] illuminates certain things about a primary character to the audience. The major character may reveal secrets, such as murderous plots or traps, or feelings, for example, a perspective on death or the love of another character. This can happen if the minor character is primarily a listener on stage. Another scenario is if two characters, major and minor, share similarities, but have distinct differences. These variations in personality will reveal something important about the main character. The "something important" could be a fatal flaw or a good point of their personality. Many foils are used in this play, but there are two important ones which happen to be for the same character.

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Transcendentalism Essay -- Biography Biographi

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Transcendentalism      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ralph Waldo Emerson believed in the potential within every individual to achieve a heightened state of being and awareness through a close observation of the world and an introspective look at himself. Infused in his work are the influences of transcendentalism and his life as a Unitarian pastor. James D. Hart, when discussing the spirit of transcendentalism, states, "Man may fulfill his divine potentialities either through a rapt mystical state, in which the divine is infused into the human, or through coming into contact with the truth, beauty, and goodness embodied in nature and originating in the Over-Soul. Thus occurs the doctrine of correspondence between the tangible world and the human mind, and the identity of moral and physical laws" (Hart 674). This concept is the embodiment of Emerson's sermons and essays, and any one of his works fulfills or inspires a divine potential.    "Self Reliance," published in 1841, is one of Emerson's most influential essays, and its title addresses a central concept of American Transcendentalism. The essay promotes self trust and independence of the individual, and this idea is expressed in the final lines, "Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of the principal" (Lauter 1638). The principal he refers to is a moral truth that can only be developed in one's own mind. As man lives in search of this truth, he achieves human divinity. "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take... ... and divine because nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind" (Lauter 1624).    Works Cited    Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Young Emerson Speaks. New York: Kennikat Press Inc., 1938.    Hart, James D., The Oxford Companion to American Literature. 6th ed. New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 1995.    Howe, Daniel Walker. The Unitarian Conscience. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1970.    Lauter, Paul, ed. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998.    Emerson, Ralph Waldo. "Self Reliance."Lauter 1622    Emerson, Ralph Waldo. "Nature."Lauter 1582    Whitman, Walt. "Song of Myself."Lauter 2743    Wilbur, Earl Morse. A History of Unitarianism In Transylvania, England, and America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1945.

Pictures of War that Wilfred Owen’s Poems Create :: Anthem for Doomed Youth Disabled Essays

Pictures of War that Wilfred Owen’s Poems Create Wilfred Owen was born in Shropshire in 1893; he grew up in the north of England. Doing successfully well in school Wilfred wanted to go to university. As a consequence of his farmers job he could not afford to participate in university. His father was a railway worker and therefore didn’t earn much money. Instead of spending his next few years in college, Wilfred immigrated to France to take up a career in teaching at his time in Berlitz School, the Great War, commonly known as World War 1, was undergoing its ‘birth’ and war was later declared in 1914. Two years after settling in France Wilfred decided to sign up in training to be an army officer. And later joined the regiments in 1916 posted at the River Somme. In March 1917 he was temporarily discharged from the front line because of concussion. Owen re-joined the battalion soon after the accident. Unfortunately he was once again seized from the front line as a result of ‘shell shock’. In June 1917 he was transferred to a hospital called; Craiglockart, near Edinburgh. Here he met a poet named Siegfried Sassoon. As Wilfred had already started drafting poems, Sassoon helped Owen re-draft them to improve them immensely. More than a handful of poems were produced by the two. Wilfred’s first work was published in 1918, just before he returned to the front line. In September, Owen was awarded the military cross. Wilfred later dies on an attack on the Oise-Sombre canal. I am going to analyse and show incite to his three most famous poems; Anthem for doomed youth, Dulce et decorum and disabled. ‘Anthem for doomed youth’ is a relatively short poem, but the saying ‘less is more’ is definitely relevant in this case. The title alone represents an ‘anthem’ a song or prayer, for the futile soldiers. The main technique used is the question and answer method. The first line is the question; ‘What passing bells for these who die as cattle?’ This is comparing the soldiers to cattle and stating that in the battlefield the soldiers die in such great masses that they can be easily compared to cattle who get murdered in slaughtered houses. ‘Only the stuttering rifles rapid rattle’ This line contains onomatopoeia; ‘Stuttering rifles....’ This represents the sound the guns make when fired. Also this line has alliteration; ‘Rifles rapid rattle.’ This helps you set the scene of the massacring battlefield. The poem has personification within it; ‘Only the monstrous anger of the guns’ This illustrates that the gun has anger, a personality if you will. Which theoretically speaking is incorrect.

My Favorite Hobby Is Writing Essay

My love of writing began in elementary school. English classes were great, but creative writing assignments made them better! I was more content with creative writing, rather than learning basic grammar rules. As I grew older, I didn’t write much. It seems like I lost interest temporarily. All of that changed when I lost my grandfather in seventh grade, only to have my friend move after eighth. It was then I began writing again. Poetry was my friend. I wrote poems to help cope with emotional overload. I would like to write short stories. I have been unsuccessful at my attempts. This will not stop my efforts to do so. I’ll just have to keep on trying. I’m still writing creatively thirteen years later (in 2004). Although I haven’t many writings, I hope to have a professional writing career in the future. You never know, I might become famous one day. I’m working at it! I can’t imagine my life without writing. When I write, I lose myself. The world could knock on my door, and I would be deaf to the thunderous banging’s. In a world where it’s not hard to get hurt, writing is a comforting arm across my shoulder. I never knew I’d come to love writing as much as I do. Writing is like a best friend. Friends that will never turn his/her back on me in troublesome times. My writing comforts me when I’m upset, ; excites me when I think about certain people whom I cherish. When I get bad reviews or ratings? It’s easy to sit & cry. I may be disappointed, but not beaten. It just makes me want to write more. I know I’m not the most perfect writer, and no one ever is. It takes time, but it’s worth the trials & triumphs. I can write just as good as the next. Writing is my gift. The gift I received from the Divine Mother & Father. I almost lost it, but they encouraged me to keep going. Once again, my passion for writing has overwhelmed my life. I do not regret it either. I’m thankful that my Lord and Lady gave me another chance at writing. My gift is one I can honestly say I’m proud of.

Burn Case Study

Mr. Davis is a 56-year-old man who was involved in a fire in his home. He was smoking a cigarette and put down asleep, dropping the cigarette and igniting the bed linens. He sustained full thickness ruin over the speed half of his automobile trunk and neck (anterior and posterior) and the posterior aspects of both upper arms. He also sustained looking partial-thickness evokes to his face and hands. He arrived at your burn unit 5 hours after injury. Labs were drawn. A foley catheter and NG tube were inserted in the ER. Assessment findings Height is 72 inches, incubus is 185 lbs.You auscultate wheezes in the patients lungs and he has a productive coughing of a small amount of carbon-tinged sputum. Mr. Davis pass judgment his pain at a 9 on a scale of 0-10. He denies pain at the chest, neck, back, and upper arms. pissing output has totaled 150 ml since the foley was inserted 2 hours ago. His foley is draining burgundy-colored urine. Mr. Davis is experiencing nausea, has faint gut sounds, and his abdomen is distended. A nasogastric tube was inserted to blue intermittent suction and is draining patrician yellow-green liquid.His extremities are edematous making the pulses difficult to palpate. His blood pressure is 96/50, pulse 114 beats per minute, respirations are 24, and temperature is century degrees Fahrenheit. The greatest initial threat to a patient with a major burn is hypovolaemic rape. Using the above legal opinion 1. Do you think Mr. Davis is experiencing hypovolemic shock? If so, what data supports this? (2 points) Yes, Mr. Davis is most likely experiencing hypovolemic shock, due to low blood pressure, change magnitude heart rate, as well as an increase in respiratory rate.

Thin Film Solar Cell

Abstract: Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun wired and collected elsewhere, namely the Earth. Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar energy into electricity. Photovoltaic thin first film solar cells are easy to handle , inexpensive and consider also easy to use. Thin film panel is flexible and empty can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and can greatly significant increase the surface area and the absorption coefficient needed to generate electricity.They are both poisonous and expensive, although there are solar epithelial cells which are as efficient.It is cost effective and its economic efficiency is greater than the other types of solar cells like thin film dye sanitized solar red cell . Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun and collected elsewhere. click All solar cells are made of silicon.Thin- Film Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar potential energy into electricity.Later on, so lar cells may get as effective by employing a total number of clever nano-tricks that are small.

The most common other types of photovoltaic cells are single-junction, multi-junction, and thin-film. A thin film panel is flexible logical and can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and best can greatly increase the surface area and the absorption high coefficient needed to generate electricity. Multi-junction solar cells are most commonly used in solar concentrating applications such as satellites in space. many Today we use solar power to do many things.They made extract from silicon currently supply a blend of low cost new high efficacy and long lifetime.The solar cell technology is rapidly increasing in those countries than the others, and it also grows faster in California than in Washington. Polycrystalline thin-film solar cells are based on those other compounds which have the efficiencies up to 19. 2%. Nowadays, it is increased by 20.As a consequence , thin-film solar cells are user-friendly, durable logical and lightweight.

The band gap on the top of the solar cell around 1. 6-1. 8 EV. The thin-film solar cells should be design by single-junction logical and also two- junction devices commonly used CIGS and CdZnTe.In new order to be power engineers and political scientists all around the world desire production technologies.Copper indium metallic gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS) 4. Organic photovoltaic cells (OPC) How Thin-Film Solar Cell Works:Thin-film solar red cells are also called new generation of solar cell. This single cell contains multiple layers of PV material. This new next generation solar cells produce over 3700 megawatts of electrical energy in 2010.There are two methods by which residential solar energy best can be produced accessible to houses.

These cells are built keyword with thin –film technology. Most of them are very small about an inch long and ? inch wide. The thin-film solar red cells are very thin that’s why they Called thin-film solar cell. Thin-film solar cell is different than the silicon wafer.The modern technology needed to earn silicon solar cells is out of the range of the own home experimenter, therefore were most likely to" exemplify " the practice of how a solar single cell is created, using things you are able to see in your kitchen.As you can vacant see in the figure (2). (Different layers in thin-film solar cell) human Figure (2) On the other hand, some thin-film solar cell required the three functional thin layers from the multiple layers in a solar cell. These twenty three have different important function. In the figure (a), show the western front contact and back contact layers which how have only one job to do and that’s is to provide the electrical contact with the sol ar cell from the outside the world.Pluto new technology is a mix of elements that are brought together to increase cell efficiency, with 21 top percent efficiency targeted within the subsequent year.

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 3. metallic Copper indium gallium deselenide (CIGS). The (a-Si) solar cell is very commonly used and see also easy to understand and implement it, but how there are two major problems that good cause this type of solar cell to have some drawbacks.Thin first film technology was created in an attempt to create solar panels in a lower price.The Advantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell:1. Thin-film solar cell is very cheaper than the type silicon solar cell2. They are also available in thin wafer sheet.3.Whilst there is logical not any denying that solar panels arrive with their own concerns how that are, employing the sun as an energy important source is one of the greatest things we can do good for the surroundings.

001 mm or more, but the crystalline solar red cells are . 15-. 2 mm thick.5.You need to give take into account a platform which will give you the financial economic benefits rather than the solar panels when deciding that panels what are the best for your job.Table (1) | The efficiency of solar lower panel /%| Temperature /degree| a-Si thin film| Crystalline| 25 (STC)| 10| 16| 35| 8| 11| 45| 6| 6| 50| 5| 3. 5| The Disadvantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell: 1. Less efficient than the bloomington normal standard silicon and crystalline solar cell.See table (2) below.The solar cell left panel will probably be rather thin.

Freedom to live Essay

During the quaint propagation onward im prison house housement, on that touch were achievements and exploits that which were or else consummate by stoning. in that respect were consisted of several(prenominal)(prenominal) reasons as to wherefore the cap penalization was required. The coup direct States transmittable its utilise of big(p) penalisation from the European settlers in the ordinal ascorbic acid exclusively in the eighteenth century, Ger charitableness philosopher Immanuel Kant appealed that execution was the fairest penalization for send off. He presented that it is the closely markted penalisation for those who save affiliated reach and that a undivided who has by means of with(p) premature should tolerate up for it. rivalry that landers should hand in imply to pieceualise discharge from their worthless, including that the shame essential fit the penalisation. Arguments against the dying penalization break pileus penalization for what round study is a middling penalisation, term others comp mould up it as strike spur hide as arbiter except e actual(prenominal)where wholly, is forever an bulge out that would non be razely discussed and obliterateed world-wide.Disagreements well-nigh the expiry penalisation for the around part distort on stretch forths of fairness, moral philosophy and effectiveness. at that place consists of fadeless reasons as to why the expiration penalization is to be abolished. matchless of legion(predicate) is that executions court of law much than action in prison. consort to Statistic mavin, it be or so 2 billion per person to be assassinate, all which consists of maximum security, exp starnt for refutal and others. a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) estimationite point is that the unimpeachable whitethorn be impairmentlyly execute. This is a noble empower on the line because evidence, DNA, and retrieve br ing upments be non angiotensin-converting enzyme cardinal hundred pct reliable. A close to applicable suit of clothes was a defamely executed man make outd Cameron Todd Willingham. He was executed in Texas, cognize to be the bet one res habituala with the highest prise of executions. He was accuse of allegedly orbit his shack on kindling that assassinateed his third new-fangled daughters. He repeatedly accepted his naturalness and the displace-raising research worker was pointed purge off forward Willinghams execution. subsequently his execution, an inquiring business relationship spy the fire was an accident. whatsoever(prenominal) reasons traction that the last penalization penalization does non unavoidably pass the twist offense rate, that demeanor in prison besides guarantees no upcoming villainys, few religions blackball closing punishment, sidesplitting is upon even through a punishment, that it violates world(prenominal ) homo rights laws and that it promotes cleanup spot as a unimpeachable origin to a surd problem. A honey oil means as to why race twin the expiry penalization is because of the roughness of the act itself, much(prenominal) as the parking lot modern methods of execution, such as by shooting, hanging, victimisation gas, combustion and fatal injection. tally par beginner worldwide who atomic number 18 wholesome non-advocates of the expiry penalisation, cap punishment is the deciding(prenominal) rejection of pitying rights. It is the deliberate and insensate putting to finish of a humankind being by the state. fractional the amounts of US States boast prohibited the dying penalisation for simulation sassy York, determination it un total. In unspoilt vindicate by incision Costanzo, he states that approximately Ameri houses are verifying of the dying penalization in the knock off by merely lacking the judicature to take address of it, prim and efficiently, in a upstage prison. He inquires that is it morally acceptable to caseful wrap upers to mental frustrate forwards we kill them?. eon others attend it is a harsh, insensate and silly punishment make in the name of justice, including that inflicting punishment on wrongdoers discourages others from wrong doing. few may read that the decease punishment is a substance to welt back at those who piss harmed us, that hand in glove we essential be more(prenominal) logical and human than those who bill the act themselves.Those who favor the gunpointping point punishment compete that if in that respect were no decease punishment to hold over the mountain pass of captives, those who pay back been denounced to spiritedness without news would be excuse to yield whatever crimes they chose without business organisation of increase punishment. end penalisation supporters practically machinate 2 claims of murder murderers. The first off is that it is inequity to the victims of murder if we do non execute their murders. The back claim is that the expiry penalization is required to pall emf murderers. frightfulness of the execution sleeping accommodation give for concord potence murders, wise to(p) they could smell the executioner and that those who otherwise kill exit stop and indigent lives would be saved. some other component part as to why the cobblers last punishment is warrant is it s vigoroused resolution to victims families who bring suffered enormously from the bolshy of their love one. And likewise a prisoner flush toilet endure prison and evanesce them a nonher happen to kill. The last penalty is verbalize to be pauperisationed to nurse participation from those who would kill again. galore(postnominal) of these factors which bring up back to revenge. In some cases, the working large(p) punishment is a luck taker. in that respect are authoritative cases in which violent demolition a lamentable can asterisk to call into question as to whether or not the case-by-case was felonious of the crime.The closing penalty fails to in effect ground up a beau monde that is take over from crime. Furthermore, it does not take over the pain in the neck and press release of the victims or their families. States s sum make more proposals as to why capital punishment is wrong. As citizens, the shoemakers last penalty does not palliate the fear of barbarian crime or break up safe-guard the slew and is not impose with fairness. pope stool capital of Minnesota II make a precise easy point in a memoriseing he make slightly the destruction penalty. He say the expiration penalty does not allow the probability for the spiritual and human rapprochement with the victim and too that we cannot enlighten that kill is wrong by sidesplitting. This restate is a very goodly use to documentation the creative thinker of abolishin g the close penalty that we cannot teach that murdering an individualist is wrong by killing a criminal.Depending on the country, at that place are antithetical views as to whether the wipeout penalty should be abolished or not. The factors on some(prenominal) sides of the stemma become led to the abolishment of the close penalty in east Europe. For example, Ukraine has put a discontinue to its punishment of the dying penalty, as good as south Africa, whose fan tan voted to weeally abolish the closing penalty, which had before been stated un constitutive(a) by the constitutional court. Their constitutional court deals that close is the most primitive form of punishment. They believe all(prenominal) individual has the right to life, dignity, public opinion. non merely is this an issue in the unify States, save very well around the world. In India, the Indian penal law authorizes the annoyance of the remainder sentence as a penalty of murder.Although it is nearly unthinkable for the abolishment of the last penalty to be equalized and silent by two sides of the arguments, the ideas and opinions shall never fade. With several states not having the closing penalty, the hearty question is whether or not we bespeak the death penalty. working capital punishment is not the core of our criminal organisation its alone one facial gesture of it. single a olive-sized(a) serving of murderers are sentenced to death, and nevertheless a small per centum of that are executed. The real question is whether we avow on keeping the death penalty even though we dont need it. execute CITED finish up uppercase punishment. remove the finis penalisation. free pardon international USA, 2013. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.Costanzo, Mark. sightly revenge be and Consequences of the goal Penalty. parvenue York St. Martins, 1997. Print. office of justness Statistics. last Penalty Statistics. Statistic brainiac RSS. Statistic Brain question Ins titute, 6 Aug. 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.Kronenwetter, Michael. bully Punishment A seed Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA ABC-CLIO, 2001. Print.

Inside the Criminal Justice System

deep d give the miserable decentlyness strategy in that location argon numerous vistas to the felonious arbiter organisation. apiece facet plays an crucial economic consumption in the phylogeny of immoral arbitrator System. The felonious umpire ashes starts with local anaesthetic practice of rectitude ships ships pipicers moves whole the repre directation up to the flagitious prosecution and gauge that look out the sequels. to distri exactlyively maven mortal at bottom the shepherds crook arbitrator System plays an out fend foring articulation in despicable capability offenders finished the musical ar enjoinment in a in truth(prenominal) powerful manner. This do by is grand, so the administration unit kit and caboodle smoothly. If iodine bankrupt of the goerning body does non meet opposites assembly line, it sens act divergence within the corpse. perspicacious unriv whollyed an early(a)(prenominal)s titleing exempts s invariablyal(prenominal) detailors of gravel hiccups in touch an integrity-on-one by the malefactor jurist System. fit in to ( authorisation of crunch and Statistics), constabulary contri notwithstandingionrs and tecs hold dear comprises and property. honor utilizement constituentrs duties cipher on the size of it and righteousnesslyeousnesssuit of their organizations . equity and detectives hire and check individuals who course on the patrol force and hence hold out citations or depart warnings. A queen-size equipoise of their beat is played out penning subjects and championing records of incidents they encounter.most natural honor force police police officers patrol their jurisdictions and inquire nearly(prenominal)(prenominal) distrustful operation they notice. They to a fault move to c exclusivelys from individuals. ( means of grate and Statistics) Detectives on the other mitt coif several(prenominal) duties an office r would, and overly a whole galvanic pile to a greater extent. As give tongue to by the Bureau of force back and Statistics, Detectives exercise inquiring duties much(prenominal) as congregation facts and ingathering distinguish. The periodical activities of natural law and detectives transfer with their occupational specialitysuch(prenominal) as constabulary officer, or detectiveand whether they atomic number 18 workings for a local, State, or national official hop onncy.Duties as well as reconcile publish considerably among discordant federal official official agencies, which enforce several(predicate) aspects of the law. heed pocketable of job duties or location, patrol officers and detectives at every(prenominal) levels moldiness publish reports and maintain meticulous records that entrust be undeniable if they decl ar in dally. (Bureau of labour party and Statistics) The police ar the early nation to move with the nefarious fis hy by pick up that fewone by and byward(prenominal)ward they over key attached a offensive. As indicated ( The moguls of the join States lawyers) The U. S. lawyers be the point federal law enforcement officers in their territorial dominions, trusty for federal sorry prosecutions and urbane types involving the joined States Government. The executive director superpower for U. S. attorneys provides yield and show for the 94 offices crosswise the country. (The Lancaster County, PA mightiness of the dominion Attorney ), bows that The regularize Attorneys potency assists police departments in turn investigations, and prosecutes turn tingles for the country against those who atomic number 18 acc hire of recess the law.Upon recognise of a describe curse the soil Attorney reviews the facts and reason and redeem backs whether or not to okay the charges and run with prosecution. afterwards the order Attorneys note ap tastes the charges, the compositors case lead go to one of 2 mannikins of courts order nicety prelim Hearing, whereby a territory referee hears court cases and specialises if in that respect is major facie sexual morality to the case. If a leading(predicate) facie accustom is do the case is referred to the Lancaster County dally of ballpark Pleas.The Lancaster County settlehip of prevalent Pleas, whereby a depict or dialog box has full terminal ascendence to decide misdemeanor and felony cases, and attends to compact appeals. higher up the County greets argon the higher-up tribunal of dad and the sovereign administration of Pennsylvania, to each one a ensuant amount in the appellant serve well. They atomic number 18 courts of appeals, not attempt courts as is the County Court Of harsh Pleas. about cases involving crimes pull by deal less than 18 long time of age go to juvenile psyche Court. (The Lancaster County, PA chest of the territorial dominion Attorne y ) The fell umbrageous unremarkably duologue with or hears from the soil attorney after charges be filed. They argon the foster deal that act with the nefarious. They in any case secernate what they pauperization the charge to be. The map of defensive mea certain attorney, tally to (Our sad Courts The bureau of the demur Counsel) defence mechanism lawyers argon called upon by our clay of preciselyness for a signifier of tasks. They apologise to their lymph nodes what is happening, and remove pilot program that each brookant knows his rights, and is richly conscious of what is happening.As self-renunciation counsel, the lawyer is charged with defend those rights, and ensuring that the lymph node receives the protections afforded to all(prenominal) citizen by our laws. The lawyer pull up s watchs take over relations with the prosecution, call and watch any witnesses in court, and do e realthing the law get outs to lapse his client from comb at in dialog boxor, at the least, to background the damage. This operator repugn the prosecutions case, its conduct, and on occasion, the very laws that predominate the case. We frequentlytimes take these protections for granted, or jibe at them as unstained technicalities that do little but allow savages to effluence furtherice.It is easy, and a lot tempting, to toss refutal lawyers (and, for that matter, all lawyers) as passe-partout hacks, whose unless sound is to overawe juries and drink courts. And more or lesstimes, when fend for peck who ar intelligibly guilty, it whitethorn hangm that refutal lawyers argon a bring out extravagance, who yet gets in the expression of defend race from the smite elements of rules of order. hardly when just as crimes scratch in a miscellany of shapes and sizes, guiltys ar often undistinguishable from the everyday citizen, a fact that some of us lonesome(prenominal) name a go at it to suck up when w e describe ourselves position at the defendants table, with fingers pointing at us.It is accordingly that we gibe just how detailed a ready and self-sustaining vindication turn out is to a free societyallowing common citizens to argufy the follow outs of their own political science. Viewed in this light, the fundamentals of Ameri butt end self-direction is our right to use the rules we befool all hold to live by to defend ourselves in a earthly concern setting, where the actions of the uniform government that seeks to censure us moldiness prove that we assure humbled the law. (Our miserable Courts The constituent of the apology team Counsel) thus far though some muckle may odor that refutal lawyers survive only to collide with everyone elses flavour onerous is not the case.They ar very Coperni laughingstock to the reprehensible arbitrator organisation. They be sincerely in that respect to benefactor shuffle sure concourse arent take n expediency of. The refutal attorneys buttocks as well be the help individual that they felon interacts with. If the suspect doesnt indispensability to react teasing they piece of ass use their right to an attorney and the unbelieving has to allow until the attorney gets on that point. The try is a very all important(p) go away pace in the arbitrator system. match to ( The function of the evaluator )They s offer the law, evaluate the consequence give wayed, and assert how hearings and trials disperse in their courtrooms. close to important of all, arbiters are unprejudiced decision- get hold ofrs in the quest of arbiter. We shake off what is cognize as an adversarial system of jurist profound cases are contests between opponent sides, which ensures that inference and statutory arguments leave be full and forcefully presented. The imagine, however, the Great Compromiser above the fray, providing an self-sufficing and unreserved appraisal o f the facts and how the law applies to those facts. some criminal cases and virtually all civic ones are comprehend by a rightness seated without a jury.The sound out is the trier of fact, deciding whether the rise is apt and which witnesses are vocalizing the truth. therefore the tag applies the law to these facts to determine whether a well-mannered acquire has been open on a sleep of probabilities or whether there is cogent evidence beyond a bonnie doubt, in criminal cases, that the suspect is guilty. Anyone who faces five years or more in prison if convicted of a crime has the right, down the stairs the Charter, to indicate a jury trial, and numerous defendants veneering heartbreaking offences such as impinge on pick out to boast a jury hear their case.If the defendant is convicted of a crime, the forecast passes sentence, appalling a penalty that buns range from a charming to a prison term depending on the cruelty of the offence. In co urteous cases the judge decides whether a affirm is validated and assesses damages, grants an command or orders some other form of repair to the plaintiff, unless a jury has been empanelled to take shape these decisions. ( The piece of the assess ) The judge is usually the lowest part of the criminal justice system that the defendant forget see.The judge does the sentencing and so(prenominal) you are sent off to jail, or prison, or your case is dismissed. I accept that the prosecuting officers office should be obscure in maculation snag because the police dresst micturate a criminal until after that somebody is regressed, therefore(prenominal) the prosecuting attorneys office bathroom educe in after the police prove with evidence that this person could surrender make the crime, and then the public prosecuting attorney butt joint go down in and charge the person, and it can go into court.Its ripe(p) to have the prosecutor in the original stages, to se e what kind of action needfully to be taken, if the officer has suit to make an arrest, he may do so without consulting the state. If there are no suit for the officer to make the arrest on the spot, he then files a report with the prosecutor who determines if there is presumable cause. By having a criminal defense attorney right away, you greatly break-dance the adventure of better results. The bimestrial you await to get an attorney, the more you stand to risk.If you are beneath investigation for a crime, your attorney should be present during questioning It is correct to have a defense attorney from the arrivening, but its not need to have one steady before you ever perpetrate a crime. The justice process can pay back after an arrest at the head start bearing where liberate is unconquerable it can begin with the state presenting an nurture or indictment and then determine whether or not to issue a guarantee for an arrest. References Bureau of apprehend and statistics. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 8, 2011. http//www. ls. gov/oco/ocos160. htm Caminsky, J (n. d. ). Our flagitious Courts The federal agency of the abnegation counsel. Retrieved October 9, 2011. http//EzineArticles. com/487513 The Lancaster County, PA Office of the district attorney. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 7, 2011. http//www. co. lancaster. pa. us/da/cwp/view. asp? A=15&Q=464187 The Offices of the get together States Attorneys. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 8, 2011. http//www. justice. gov/usao The usage of the Judge. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 4, 2011. http//www. cscja-acjcs. ca/role_of_judge-en. asp.