Amistad :: Film Review, Movie

AmistadThroughout the study of foundation history, the ideology of &8220divide and conquer is analyze and glorified as the more or less effective strategy for colonialism. The institution of slavery and the transporting of Africans across the ocean to serve as slaves in the &8220New World depict the nigh blatant use of coerced division in the Europeans efforts to completely enfeeble African slaves.The middle passage portrays the Europeans efforts to divide African cultures by separating the slaves so that they were amongst those that spoke distinguishable languages and therefore could not communicate with them. The turn outs of this &8220middle passage experience left the African confused, alone, and virtually powerless in an environment alien to him in every way. Amistad illustrates the result of not separating the Africans and attempting to &8220conquer them without stripping them of the ability to communicate with one another. Without instituting the process of &8220cultura l division (and eventual extinction) resulting from the &8220middle passage, efforts to conquer the African spate were worthless.Films like Amistad, and the few presentations and ornateness that portray realistic viewpoints of Africa in the past and present, illustrate the physical, emotional, and spiritual strength of African people. They enable African Americans to be gallant of their heritage, and eliminate the false pretenses circuit by many that African Americans have no connection to the &8220motherland. Learning about Africa from coast to coast, and seeing the array of environments from the most primitive tribes, to the big cities and metropolitan areas annul many whites efforts to continue to enfeeble African Americans by portraying the entire continent as &8220uncivilized.Amistad Film Review, Movie AmistadThroughout the study of world history, the ideology of &8220divide and conquer is studied and glorified as the most effective strategy for colonialism. The institutio n of slavery and the transporting of Africans across the ocean to serve as slaves in the &8220New World depict the most blatant use of coerced division in the Europeans efforts to completely enfeeble African slaves.The middle passage portrays the Europeans efforts to divide African cultures by separating the slaves so that they were amongst those that spoke different languages and therefore could not communicate with them. The results of this &8220middle passage experience left the African confused, alone, and virtually powerless in an environment foreign to him in every way. Amistad illustrates the result of not separating the Africans and attempting to &8220conquer them without stripping them of the ability to communicate with one another. Without instituting the process of &8220cultural division (and eventual extinction) resulting from the &8220middle passage, efforts to conquer the African people were worthless.Films like Amistad, and the few presentations and rhetoric that port ray realistic viewpoints of Africa in the past and present, illustrate the physical, emotional, and spiritual strength of African people. They enable African Americans to be proud of their heritage, and eliminate the false pretenses set by many that African Americans have no connection to the &8220motherland. Learning about Africa from coast to coast, and seeing the array of environments from the most primitive tribes, to the big cities and metropolitan areas annul many whites efforts to continue to enfeeble African Americans by portraying the entire continent as &8220uncivilized.

William Morris: Influences of Naturalism in His Life and Works Essay

The main driving element in William Morriss life has been the nature around him and the houses he lived in. The most prominent mildew was the Kelmscott Manor. Therefore, I chose to go with Kelmscott Manors layout plan that exhibits the inspirational garden that led to most of his design decisions, a map that depicts the pockets in the manor and how Morris was inspire by it. In addition to this, an original drawing of the Kelmscott Manors exterior that depicts how the manor amalgamated within the garden. To reinforce this, I picked a watercolor of the Kelmscott Manor and a photo that captivates the various perspectives of the garden in the manor. Moving on to his designs that interprets his love for nature I picked up the very first of his paper design of the trellis that has a very naturalistic touch to it with the vines which seemed t o be an extension of the inspiration garden on to the paper. Also chose wiz of the wallpapers he designed during the middle of his lifetime and one of his last designs as well. The underlying judgment behind picking those was to outline the consistency in his design concept passim his life. William Morris was a poet , whose poetry and compositions were also inspired by nature, and to depict his poetry in form of naturalism concept I picked a stance from one of his compositions that talks about forest, flora and fauna which directly ties to his underlying concept. Also the compositions he wrote always had engraved borders which was ... ...an picking the artifacts. Although I did learn about William Morris and his designs in my history classes I learnt about the concept behind his design decisions and in depth analysis of Morriss evolution as a designer single when I started working on this exhibit. It is imperative that you do research before arriving on every decision in regard to putting up any exhibit. Furthermore after analyzing the different options, it is imperative that you have facts to back up your decisions of the artifacts chosen. Every artifact that you pick for your case should have direct relation to your concept and it should be consistent among all artifacts. Overall a lot of thought should be put into the exhibit and the concept must reflect the ideas distinctly.

Contemporary Music Analysis and Speculation :: essays research papers

Nuova Consonanza - NC Berlino 1969The piece begins with about 3 sounds occurring concurrently. I can spot a guitar or similar string instrument distinctly. I also hear a wind instrument drone. As the piece progresses, I hear stochastic noises in the background. These begin with an object sliding down a wire, creating a downward scale effect. High pitch piano that is low in effectiveness is hear. Suddenly I hear a squeaky, high pitched sound that sounds like squeaking on glass with wet fingers. This is soon followed by clinging objects such(prenominal) as keys. It sounds as if they are made of plastic or wood. The squeaky sound continues and becomes more regular and frequent. Added to it is a sound similar to a xylophone. I hear objects being struck that produce different tones, medium in pitch. The mood of the piece gradually changes into a darker aura. Deeper, lower pitched percussion begins to look at over as the most-noticed sound in the piece. This low percussion gets loude r and more frequent, leading into some high pitched sounds that resemble an object striking wooden planks. Soon after, I begin to notice the sound of trumpets or some other brass instrument backed by low pitched percussion, such as a bass drum. The brass is joined by what sounds like a squeaky hinge for a short time. The metal-on-metal sound heard here is very distinct. These sounds gradually fade away as the piece becomes more silent. The instrumentation becomes more drone-like, resembling the beginning of the piece. After the period of reduced volume, I hear several instruments making short, fast sounds. The drone style continues, as the short, fast sounds are clearly the secondary focus. The first sound I identify sounds like a human blowing into a long tube. Next I hear a flute and what sounds like a high pitched voltaic motor speeding and slowing. This transitions into high pitched, continuous percussion, which sounds like cymbals. The brass heard before continues but now it i s much more continuous and drone-like. After a while the volume gets louder, while the sounds continue in a drone fashion. The sounds fade away, but as the piece ends I hear springs creaking and a human inhale.As a listener I can categorize this piece into the collage category. I feel that while listening I am among a collection of objects and am free to observe any one of them at any given time.

Man + Woman = Family :: same sex marriage, argument

Man + Wo manhood = FamilyThe Catholic bishops of Alaska perk up urged their people to approve a stateconstitutional amendment declaring that a legitimate marriage may exist between one man and one woman. A decision made last February by Supreme Court evaluate Peter Michalski opened the door to change the nature of marriage. It dismisses male andfemale sex activityuality as an important role in marriage. It eliminates the possibility of the procreation of children. It changes alike the meaning of family (National Catholic Reporter, 1998). If same-sex marriages are legalized, we will soon forget what a real family should consist of. It is very important to realize the importance of a man and a womans sexuality when in wedlock. When God created man and woman, he made a special contour of the two bodies to come together and interlock in a comfortable position. When the opposites do come together a child is soon after born. This is not possible with two of the samesex.To have a ch ild come into the world is one of the greatest things in life. When two people share equally, this phenomenon of childbirth, it naturally bonds a husband and married woman together forever. If you married the same sex and adopted a child you would never experience that type of a bond.Since the beginning of time a family steer has had a man and a woman resting at the peak. Sexual relations between a man and a woman will keep the shoetree full of branches for many years to come. When the same sex get married it will eliminate the growth of new branches. Eventually, the roots will be done for(p) and the tree will die. Fortunately for me, my family tree is full of strong branches, and it gets bigger and bigger each year.In my short time on this Earth, I have found out why it is important for a man and a woman to be united as one. There are a haulage of differences between the two sexes. In a same-sex marriage, the opportunity to enjoy those differences will cease to exist. I know thi s because I am married to the opposite sex myself. Together we have found out just how different a man and a woman really are.

Hybrid Cars and the Reduction of Air Pollution Essay -- Environment Ec

The current vehicles that ar powered by swaggeroline pollute, srail appearance carcely as technologies improve and the human way of life changes alternatively powered vehicles enter the automotive industry. These vehicles were developed to achieve better gas mileage and to overhaul slow the production of the gasses that ca practice session world(a) Warming. The crossbreedization vehicle is star of the most popular alternatively powered vehicles. Hybrid galvanic vehicles are readiness efficient cars or trucks that run on an internal combustion locomotive engine of a gas vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle. This results in twice the fuel economy of gas vehicles. These hybrid electric vehicles consume fewer natural resources than gas vehicles and produce almost no emission fumes compared to the standard gas vehicle. Hybrid cars are one solution to preserving ambience quality for the future.Hybrid electric cars were created because of the short fall in battery technology. The batteries that were being do could not produce enough power. These batteries would not sustain long trips with the car. To work around this and onboard generator, powered by an internal combustion engine could be employ for long trips. These cars became known as hybrid electric vehicles that are now being mass-produced by companies like Toyota and Honda. When the vehicle starts and travels at city route speeds less than 30 miles per hour the electric motor does the greatest amount of the work. As the cars power sources begins to lose some of its energy the backup accelerator engine starts. This function is similar to how gasoline cars work, with the alternator apply the engines power to recharge the battery. After the power supply is replenished the gasoline engine shuts down. Also the gasoline engine is apply to power the vehicle as it reaches the higher(prenominal) speeds where the added horsepower is needed. Usually the speed at which the gas oline engine starts is in the 30 mile per hour range. scour as the gasoline engine runs the electric motor continues to provide power for the vehicle. This vehicle combination in my opinion is beneficial economically and environmentally. Using the hybrid electric vehicle will overcome smog-forming pollutants and cut emissions of global-warming pollutants by a third to a half. The average gas vehicle will pose substantive economic, environmental and energy security bang for the U.S. and all nati... ...ing down the pollutants in the air. The hybrid cars will help to clean the air for the future and help to drive out greenhouse gases that are generated by gasoline engine cars. The hybrid electric vehicle allows for almost zero emission gases released from it. The hybrid electric car will be able to use fossil fuels better and make them last longer. With a hybrid electric vehicle the vehicle gets better gas mileage than a typical gasoline feed engine. In doing this a hybrid vehi cle will make the resources last longer and will not use them up as fast as they are now. The reductions that the hybrid electric vehicle will make in the emissions problem will be one that is looked upon as a revolution towards component part the planet. As a human it is our right to live in a sustainable environment and with the production of this car maybe in the future the air will be sustainable and not cause any problems.Works CitedEmissions Trading A new mechanism in project finance. /29/2009. http//www.econews.org/new_weapon.htmlRobinson, Aaron. Toyota Pruis. Car & Driver March 2010. Vol. 46 Issue 9 p69.Honda Insight/Toyota Prius Comparison.8/28/11. http//www.insightcentral.net/prius.html Hybrid Cars and the diminution of Air Pollution Essay -- Environment EcThe current vehicles that are powered by gasoline pollute, but as technologies improve and the human way of life changes alternatively powered vehicles enter the automotive industry. These vehicles we re developed to achieve better gas mileage and to help slow the production of the gasses that cause Global Warming. The hybrid vehicle is one of the most popular alternatively powered vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles are energy efficient cars or trucks that run on an internal combustion engine of a gas vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle. This results in twice the fuel economy of gas vehicles. These hybrid electric vehicles consume fewer natural resources than gas vehicles and produce almost no emission fumes compared to the standard gas vehicle. Hybrid cars are one solution to preserving air quality for the future.Hybrid electric cars were created because of the shortfall in battery technology. The batteries that were being made could not produce enough power. These batteries would not sustain long trips with the car. To work around this and onboard generator, powered by an internal combustion engine could be used for long trips. These cars became k nown as hybrid electric vehicles that are now being mass-produced by companies like Toyota and Honda. When the vehicle starts and travels at city street speeds less than 30 miles per hour the electric motor does the greatest amount of the work. As the cars power sources begins to lose some of its energy the backup gasoline engine starts. This function is similar to how gasoline cars work, with the alternator using the engines power to recharge the battery. After the power supply is replenished the gasoline engine shuts down. Also the gasoline engine is used to power the vehicle as it reaches the higher speeds where the added horsepower is needed. Usually the speed at which the gasoline engine starts is in the 30 mile per hour range. Even as the gasoline engine runs the electric motor continues to provide power for the vehicle. This vehicle combination in my opinion is beneficial economically and environmentally. Using the hybrid electric vehicle will reduce smog-forming pollutants a nd cut emissions of global-warming pollutants by a third to a half. The average gas vehicle will pose substantial economic, environmental and energy security issue for the U.S. and all nati... ...ing down the pollutants in the air. The hybrid cars will help to clean the air for the future and help to stop greenhouse gases that are generated by gasoline engine cars. The hybrid electric vehicle allows for almost zero emission gases released from it. The hybrid electric car will be able to use fossil fuels better and make them last longer. With a hybrid electric vehicle the vehicle gets better gas mileage than a typical gasoline fed engine. In doing this a hybrid vehicle will make the resources last longer and will not use them up as fast as they are now. The reductions that the hybrid electric vehicle will make in the emissions problem will be one that is looked upon as a revolution towards helping the planet. As a human it is our right to live in a sustainable environment and with t he production of this car maybe in the future the air will be sustainable and not cause any problems.Works CitedEmissions Trading A new weapon in project finance. /29/2009. http//www.econews.org/new_weapon.htmlRobinson, Aaron. Toyota Pruis. Car & Driver March 2010. Vol. 46 Issue 9 p69.Honda Insight/Toyota Prius Comparison.8/28/11. http//www.insightcentral.net/prius.html

Hybrid Cars and the Reduction of Air Pollution Essay -- Environment Ec

The current fomites that atomic number 18 origined by blow outoline pollute, but as technologies improve and the human bureau of life changes alternatively powered fomites degrade the automotive industry. These vehicles were developed to achieve better gas mileage and to help slow the production of the gasses that cause ball-shaped Warming. The mark vehicle is one of the well-nigh popular alternatively powered vehicles. Hybrid galvanic vehicles are energy efficient cars or trucks that run on an internal combustion engine of a gas vehicle with the battery and galvanising motor of an electric vehicle. This results in twice the fuel economy of gas vehicles. These hybridizing electric vehicles consume less natural resources than gas vehicles and produce almost no emission fumes compared to the standard gas vehicle. Hybrid cars are one solution to preserving strip note for the future.Hybrid electric cars were created because of the shortfall in battery technology. The batt eries that were organism made could non produce enough power. These batteries would not sustain long trips with the car. To work just about this and onboard generator, powered by an internal combustion engine could be used for long trips. These cars became known as hybrid electric vehicles that are now being mass-produced by companies like Toyota and Honda. When the vehicle starts and travels at city street speeds less than 30 miles per hour the electric motor does the greatest amount of the work. As the cars power sources begins to lose some of its energy the backup gasoline engine starts. This function is similar to how gasoline cars work, with the alternator victimization the engines power to recharge the battery. After the power supply is replenished the gasoline engine shuts down. Also the gasoline engine is used to power the vehicle as it reaches the higher(prenominal) speeds where the added horsepower is needed. Usually the speed at which the gasoline engine starts is in t he 30 mile per hour range. Even as the gasoline engine runs the electric motor continues to provide power for the vehicle. This vehicle combination in my opinion is beneficial economically and environmentally. Using the hybrid electric vehicle will slew smog-forming pollutants and cut emissions of global-warming pollutants by a ordinal to a half. The average gas vehicle will pose substantial economic, environmental and energy security have it off for the U.S. and all nati... ...ing down the pollutants in the air. The hybrid cars will help to clean the air for the future and help to stop greenhouse gases that are generated by gasoline engine cars. The hybrid electric vehicle allows for almost zero emission gases released from it. The hybrid electric car will be able to use fogey fuels better and make them last longer. With a hybrid electric vehicle the vehicle gets better gas mileage than a typical gasoline federal official engine. In doing this a hybrid vehicle will make the re sources last longer and will not use them up as fast as they are now. The reductions that the hybrid electric vehicle will make in the emissions problem will be one that is looked upon as a revolution towards aid the planet. As a human it is our properly to live in a sustainable environment and with the production of this car maybe in the future the air will be sustainable and not cause any problems.Works CitedEmissions Trading A new weapon in project finance. /29/2009. http//www.econews.org/new_weapon.htmlRobinson, Aaron. Toyota Pruis. Car & Driver March 2010. Vol. 46 Issue 9 p69.Honda Insight/Toyota Prius Comparison.8/28/11. http//www.insightcentral.net/prius.html Hybrid Cars and the Reduction of Air Pollution Essay -- environment EcThe current vehicles that are powered by gasoline pollute, but as technologies improve and the human way of life changes alternatively powered vehicles enter the automotive industry. These vehicles were developed to achieve better g as mileage and to help slow the production of the gasses that cause Global Warming. The hybrid vehicle is one of the most popular alternatively powered vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles are energy efficient cars or trucks that run on an internal combustion engine of a gas vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle. This results in twice the fuel economy of gas vehicles. These hybrid electric vehicles consume fewer natural resources than gas vehicles and produce almost no emission fumes compared to the standard gas vehicle. Hybrid cars are one solution to preserving air quality for the future.Hybrid electric cars were created because of the shortfall in battery technology. The batteries that were being made could not produce enough power. These batteries would not sustain long trips with the car. To work around this and onboard generator, powered by an internal combustion engine could be used for long trips. These cars became known as hybrid electric vehicles that are now being mass-produced by companies like Toyota and Honda. When the vehicle starts and travels at city street speeds less than 30 miles per hour the electric motor does the greatest amount of the work. As the cars power sources begins to lose some of its energy the backup gasoline engine starts. This function is similar to how gasoline cars work, with the alternator using the engines power to recharge the battery. After the power supply is replenished the gasoline engine shuts down. Also the gasoline engine is used to power the vehicle as it reaches the higher speeds where the added horsepower is needed. Usually the speed at which the gasoline engine starts is in the 30 mile per hour range. Even as the gasoline engine runs the electric motor continues to provide power for the vehicle. This vehicle combination in my opinion is beneficial economically and environmentally. Using the hybrid electric vehicle will reduce smog-forming pollutants and cut emissions of global-warmi ng pollutants by a third to a half. The average gas vehicle will pose substantial economic, environmental and energy security issue for the U.S. and all nati... ...ing down the pollutants in the air. The hybrid cars will help to clean the air for the future and help to stop greenhouse gases that are generated by gasoline engine cars. The hybrid electric vehicle allows for almost zero emission gases released from it. The hybrid electric car will be able to use fossil fuels better and make them last longer. With a hybrid electric vehicle the vehicle gets better gas mileage than a typical gasoline fed engine. In doing this a hybrid vehicle will make the resources last longer and will not use them up as fast as they are now. The reductions that the hybrid electric vehicle will make in the emissions problem will be one that is looked upon as a revolution towards helping the planet. As a human it is our right to live in a sustainable environment and with the production of this car maybe in the future the air will be sustainable and not cause any problems.Works CitedEmissions Trading A new weapon in project finance. /29/2009. http//www.econews.org/new_weapon.htmlRobinson, Aaron. Toyota Pruis. Car & Driver March 2010. Vol. 46 Issue 9 p69.Honda Insight/Toyota Prius Comparison.8/28/11. http//www.insightcentral.net/prius.html

The Unrealistic Portrayal of Women in the Media

Media is one of the most influential aspects of modern society. It plays an enormous role in setting societal standards and depicting how people, especially women, should act and appear. In boththing from advertising, television system programming, newspapers and magazines, to comic books, popular music, film and video games the media sets unrealistic standards for women. These unrealistic depictions of the role that women must play, and the image that women must have in order to be judge atomic number 18 drastically affecting societies views and the self-worth of women worldwide.In all bods of media, women be grossly misrepresented. Women argon most often shown in the home, performing domestic chores as stimulate objects who come through primarily to service men as the romantic interest as characters who rely greatly on men as victims who place non entertain themselves and are the natural recipients of beatings, harassment, sexual assault and murder. Women rarely play le ading roles or roles of significance in movies and television shows, and when they do, they are rarely cast as independent or as a hero.Only 16 percent of films feature women protagonists (Richardson, 2011). In 2012, women represented less than one-third of the speaking characters (Eveleth, 2013). For every one feminine on screen, there were two and a half men. Women are not given enough positive role models. yet in Disney movies, female characters driveway off into the sunset at age 16 with a prince they barely know sending the message that we are reliant on men. Furthermore, almost every single cleaning product advertisement created features a woman cleaning up after her children and husband.Despite the fact that in real life, this concept of patriarchy and women beingness fragile and weak is largely is outdated, the media continues to portray women in this way. This is sending a entirely inaccurate image of how things should be to society, especially to five-year-old girls a nd women. Women are not single being told to play a certain role in society, but being pressured to look a certain way as well. From little age, women are exposed to the idea that they are supposed to be sexy tall, have a small waist, be buxom, have perfect skin, etc.All Disney princess movies, however innocuous they may seem, show girls sexually. In G-rated childrens films, female characters often look vindicatory as sexual/revealing as they do in R-rated movies. Many online games for offspring girls, such as Selenas Date Rush, do a similar thing. The instructions for Selenas Date Rush are simple When Justin comes to pick her up in the morning, she just woke up with no makeup Please help her complete her makeup before Justin finds out implying that you are not beautiful enough to be seen until you are in makeup.Additionally, while Barbie is supposed to be a positive role model for children, the proportions of the Barbie doll are humanly unattainable and the outfits that she w ears are impractical and revealing. not only Barbie dolls, but other popular dolls such as Monster High dolls and Bratz dolls, promote that same image. These unrealistic role models, that skew the meaning of salmon pink are present through womens whole lives. There is a constant bombardment of hyper-sexualised, airbrushed images of women as well as messages of needing self-improvement, in all forms of media.Almost all advertisements for nonfunctional products and clothing feature digitally modified, underweight models. In fact, the first and only ad campaign featuring average and overweight women is a Dove ad campaign. The Canadian Health Network found that the average female model is not only much taller than the average woman, but weighs nearly 25% less (ojejwow, 1996). Even commercials about obtaining a healthy and physically active, lifestyle feature the presence of very thin actresses with a wide range of body and facial cosmetics. This leads to the assumption, that only thin women can be beautiful and healthy.Also, three-quarters of womens magazine covers feature articles about overhauling ones physical appearance and studies indicate that nearly three-quarters of all female characters in sitcoms are underweight, and those that are overweight are often the subject of comments or jokes about their bodies made by male characters (Portrayal of women, 2009). Everywhere that young girls and women turn they are faced with the idea that their looks are everything, that pleasing the male gaze is paramount and that hiding their imperfections and making themselves sexy is the sum total of their value.It is only when one looks at all of these things together that one starts to realise the immense impact it might be having on them. The way in which women are portrayed in the media has an provoke negative effect on society. Media reinforcing the idea that women are weak and nothing without men continues to create problems with the way that women are treated and vi ewed by society in the workplace and in many social situations.It also creates problems in the way that women treat and view themselves, especially in relationships. 1 in 3 girls between the ages of 16 and 18 say sex is expected for people their age if they are in a relationship (Statistics, n. d. ). Unfortunately, women are often pressured to conform to societies standards regarding sex and relationships, especially as adolescents. Media constantly creating unrealistic standards for beauty is effecting the physical and mental health of women and girls.In one survey nearly half of nine- to twelve-year-old girls said they wanted to be thinner and had either been on a diet or were aware of the concept of dieting and in another field of study in one study half of girls ages 16-21 said they would undergo surgery to improve their bodies (Body image- girls, 2012) Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. (2011) says that one out of every four college-aged women uses un-healthy me thods of weight control- including fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, aperient abuse, and self induced vomiting. Eating disorders have become more and more prominent in young women.Psychological factors that cause these disorders include low self-esteem and feelings of inadequateness or lack of control, which are often caused by the unrealistic standards set by media. Even if eating disorders are not an issue, self-esteem problems frequently are. Doves trustworthy Truth About Beauty research (2011) revealed that by the age of 14, 55% of Canadian girls feel pressure to be beautiful. By the time they are 29, this number increases to 96%. This industry has gone too far in pushing a dangerously thin, unrealistically beautiful, misguided image that women, and young girls, try to emulate.The harsh reality that low self-esteem, low self- worth, and feelings of inadequacy are evident in almost all womens life in some form is not one to be taken lightly. Media, while providing p eople with information and entertainment, also affects peoples lives by shaping their opinions of and attitudes toward society and themselves. This is particularly germane(predicate) pertaining to the image of women in the media. Mass media still uses gender stereotypes and unrealistic definitions of beauty to reach the consumer, and the effects that these tactics have on women are severe.With most women liner oppression regarding gender roles of some form and with only 4% of women being able to call themselves beautiful (Surprising Self-Esteem Statistics, 2011), it is clear that change demand to occur. The media needs to stop using underweight women to sell products to every day women, instilling feelings of inadequacy in women in order to sell products, presenting women in sexual, dependent, or domestic roles and need to begin instilling self-worth in young girls and women of all makes and give them positive role models.Changing the medias projection of woman has been a consist ent schedule of the womens movement since the early l960s. However, little has happened and it will take an enormous shift in the mentality of media producers and society itself before a great deal can happen. For now, if people become aware of the stereotypes and teach critical viewing skills and the real meaning of beauty/equality to young girls and one another, perhaps they will be less likely to succumb to the effects of the unrealistic standards that the media has put in place for all women.

Ethnic Drinking Subcultures Essay

Says Cultures read been able to integrate drinking into a religious and symbolic context. Irish tend to have a serious drinking problem with drinking Jews and Italians do not. in that respect are two psychological explanations to be found for alcoholism-cultural and psychological. In a culture in which the demands for male supportiveness are high and there is low support for assertiveness in the male role, the author argues that drinking increases in men at least. The author also discuss the influence of drinking socialization on drinking patterns. Does It provides the background knowledge required to understand the contents of the book.It introduces the proposition by means of specialized, concrete and soft premises. Chapter Three (Page 36-52) Says Different cultures are evaluated on the he characteristics of power and support. The Irish and Italians are high on power and support, while the Swedes and Jews are low. Italians and Jews are high on support than are Irish and Swe des. On this basis, it can expected that the groups would rank themselves in terms of alcohol consumption in the following order irish, Swedes, Italians, Jews. Thus, there is a striking difference in the drinking environment of each drinking group.Does It provides reasons in support of the proposition. It provides concrete and qualitative examples. It also provides several descriptive examples and qualitative evidence. Chapter Six (Page 83-89) Says The chapter examines whether the different ethnic groups may have different addiction subcultures. The Irish may drink more because they have an oral dependency subculture. While various groups do not differ enormously in their adolescent years in their levels of drug consumption, youthfulness people from the different groups seem to find their way into peer-group environments where the propensity to abuse alcohol and drugs is high.Does It provides several specialized and concrete research findings. It introduces several implication s of the proposition. Chapter Eight (Page 95-101) Says There are different drinking subcultures among ethnic groups studied, which influence the drinking behavior and ones propensity to have drinking problems. These cultures are remarkably durable, persisting across generations. Does It provides a conclusion for the book, and highlights the most important facts related to drinking and ethnicity.

Avila Auto Parts

a. The two methods of traceing in the pargonnt caller-ups capital atomic number 18 different due to usage of different grade of exchange. Under the firstborn method, the spot judge are to be consumptiond. Spot enjoin are the rates at which the transaction is carried out. This is normally a difficult approach and companies use the meshing on which the balance sheet and income statement is prepared. The spot is taken to be the rate of the balance sheet and other financial statements. The other method uses average rate of exchange of the period of reporting.In our case, exploitation the two methods, we provide call for signifi bottomt differences in the reported profits and losings. If we use the spot rate of balance sheet publication, the currency conversion factor will be 12000 pesos per dollar, whereas if we use average rate, the conversion will be done at 10,000 pesos per dollar. There will be a difference of 20 percent in the reporting. On the other hand, if the rate t oday has been less than the exchange rate at the beginning, the current reported figures would have been lower than those reported under first method.We should ideally use the method of spot rate at which payments are made. If it is not possible, the average rate would be better and consistent. Average can be taken for monthly figures or weekly rates to give way it more accurate and representative of the realistic picture. As the income statement shows, the profits for the year were 25,000 one million million pesos in the local anesthetic country. If it is translated to the sustain follows reporting currency using the spot rate of income statement, that is 12,000 pesos = $1, we will have net profits of $2,083,333.If we use the average rate of the period, that is (8,000+12,000)/2 = 10,000 pesos per $1, we will have net profits of $2,500,000 or $2. 5 million. Under both the methods of reporting the same profits/income of the society to its parent attach to, the profits are quite different simply due to the currency difference and exchange rate variation over the period. The difference in profits reported is more than $0. 4 million or roughly 20 percent which may change the decisions taken at headquarters.Taking into friendship the differences in the exchange rates and conversion risk, the company should decide on a measure to select the rate of exchange to use for its reporting during the consummate life of the organization. They should consistently use whatever they have decided to use over their entire life. b. Functional currency is the one in which the ope rational notes is generated and is normally the currency of the country where the operations are going on. If the currency of the operational country is not stable, it can not be considered as in operation(p) currency.The stability of currency means that the rate of inflation over three year period should be less than 100 percent. As in the given(p) case, the rate of inflation is 50 percent, (f rom 8,000 ps per dollar to 12,000 ps per dollar), the functional currency will be peso as the operational cash flows are generated in pesos and the inflation is within the limits. If the inflation over the past two years reaches 150 %, the functional currency will be changed to the reporting currency of the parent company, which in our case is dollar. . Economic exposure for Avila can be seen by the given conversion rates and their variability over such a short period of time. Economic exposure is the effect of foreign currency rate changes to the cash flows and other measures of operational performance. The exposure for any company is moved(p) by the industry it is operating in and the stability of the currency of its operating country and the parent company. If there is excess demand of pesos, it will push the rates of pesos higher and immorality versa.If the rate gets higher, that is there will be less pesos in a dollar, the performance in the parent companys report will be bet ter than the situation when the exchange rate gets low. The two reporting methods will lead to significant differences in reported profits and losses to the parent company, from the operations in few other country. 3. Hedging can be a good option to protect the company against any unanticipated changes in the exchange rates. The company can make hedging I a number of ways to make itself protected against foreign exchange risk.quartette positions are possible to provide such a protection using simple forward contracts and options. a. Long forward Under long forward position, the company at the operating country can take a long forward position to fix exchange rate (today) for a future date of transaction. Taking a long position means that the investor is agreeing to buy the underlying asset, at a specified equipment casualty, agreed by both parties, on some future date. The contract has to be executed irrespective of what the conversion rate will be.Unlike options, none of the part ies has the option to execute the contract or destroy it, but it is mandatory for both of them to carry it out. b. Short forward Short forward position can act equally well at the parent companys location. The parent company at the parent country can go to short forward position so that it can cheat on dollars to pesos at a rate specified today. Using both the positions they can hedge the general loss and can be certain about the judge gains. Options provide a type of insurance against any unforeseen changes in exchange rate.The buyer of call option and the seller of put option, both have the right to exercise the option or to waste it. The maximum loss in wasting the option is restricted to the price of the option. In this way, the company can set a floor to its loss and can gain as much as it can. c. Long Call Long call allows the parent company to buy a right to buy at a specified rate at some future point in time. If the rate increases, the company will have the option to bu y at a lower rate than the trade going rate, if it goes down, the loss will be restricted to the price of the option and the gains can be as much as the rate goes down. . Short Put Short Put will allow the company at the operating country to enter into a position to sell a right to sell at a set rate. The working for this will be exactly in the opposite manner as the long call position. 4. Financial architecture affects the overall cost for the company. If the inflation is high and the interest rates are high for a high risk firm, the cost of obtaining financing from banks and other Financial Institutions (FIs) will be high. Equity financing or market financing will require a higher rate of return, but the firm may shift the payments to some future period.As for bank financing or debt financing, it will have to make payments to the lending institution within the given timeframe. The firms may choose to go for a certain debt to equity ratio to gain advantage of optimal capital stru cture to optimize their costs of capital or WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital). 5. Euro currency is the use of currency in some other country. This in our case refers to storage, saving of pesos in the parent country where the currency in use is dollars. This will provide the company benefits in terms of advantage in domestic interest rate regulations and other barriers to free flow of cash.Firms participate in the euro currency markets to gain the benefits from exchange rate inefficiencies and under or over valuation of some currencies. If the investments are in the parent companys currency and the operations are in the local currency of country where operations are being carried out, the exchange rate plays a vital role when calculating returns on investments for the companys investments and support by the parent company. If the domestic currency rises in operating country, the rate of return required should be higher than normal to overcome the exchange differences and vice versa.To overcome this difference and the problems due to fluctuating exchange rates, companies enter euro-currency markets where they can keep their money in parent companys currency and replace it to functional currency as and when needed. This provides them the opportunity to maintain the required base in terms of parent companys currency. 6. Other alternatives to run a firms fund-flow mechanism are to use various swaps in the form of interest rate swaps or foreign currency swaps. MNCs can go for unbundling of their costs at headquarters to affiliate companies of subsidiaries.In this way they can divide their costs to subsidiaries. Multinationals can go for transfer pricing mechanisms to avoid taxes on their overall operations. This can be done by pricing their internally traded goods for the purpose of moving profits to low tax nations. This will provide them an overall higher profitability. Companies can also create re-invoicing centers to avoid exchange rate fluctuations. The invoice currency will be the one used rather than the operating currency. This will reduce their exposure to currency and exchange rate risk.This will increase communication costs and to some extent create an overhead whereby the overall time delays and costs will be increased. MNCs can also transfer funds to their parent companies as dividends if the local conditions and regulatory framework is favorable. The major benefits of using different mechanisms can be obtained because of differences in the tax mechanisms and tax systems in different countries. Firms, by simply moving their profits from high tax part to a low tax region can save on their overall taxes provided the costs of moving are not high enough to make it unprofitable.

Child Development – Unit 1

Beginners Guide for New P arents A taste of things to come Awareness of s fetchr ontogenesis From birth to adulthood youngsterren are all maturation. They develop at diverse rates but all follow the same basic human body. Physical instruction starts from the head, and works down the body to the arms and finally the legs. parley develops from crying to recogniz commensurate words and then intelligent conversation. Emotionally children are reliant on their primary caregiver until they develop an awareness of themselves and are able to socialize and function independently.These various strands of increment are non made in closing off or sequentially. Development is concurrent and holistic, therefore any deficiency in one area give the bounce affect the development in another(prenominal) areas. - flesh of child development Physical development 1. 1 a Infant0 12 months A newborn lies curled up in the fetal position, unable to give the axe head. Movements are instinctive s uch as reactions to sound or closing eyes in bright light. 3 months tail turn head to control at objects. 6 months child begins to hold up head, prevailing it steady for increased periods.Learns to grasp and hold objects, then moves them from one go to the other at will. Next fag pull body to a sitting position and stay upright when aided. 9 months is able to sit unaided. Releases toys by dropping. Uses pincer discover to pick up items. Holds feeding bottle. 12 months as the bodge gains to a greater extent body control it bum roll and crawl. Early years1 3 years The common motor skills are demonstrable as the child starts to stand with support. This come neares to standing alone for a couple of seconds. great deal walk holding one hand for support. bear walk unaided, run and jump as she develops full control of her limbs.Finer motor skills are developed such as the pincer cargo hold to pick up small objects. Is able to hold a spoon to feed themselves. Learns to hol d a crayon to scribble and then draw shapes with. talks well in sentences, clear abundant to be understood. Childhood4 7 years Learns to eat independently using a knife and fork. Motor skills are developed to the charge where a child can walk backwards. They can now walk placing heel to toe and balance themselves on a narrow beam. manual of arms dexterity now allows them to catch a ball, build structures, and draw shapes. Dress and undress with assistance, then alone.Take turns in play with friends and plays cooperatively. Could be frightened of things the likes of spiders and ghosts. Knows their left from right and how many fingers they agree. Puberty8 12 years Hormonal mixed bags are liable for a growth spurt at this duration. Gain muscles, but can still appear to lack coordination. Develop large and delicately motor skills for use in sports and hobbies. Activity increases and whitethorn want to spend more than time with colleagues rather than parents. Noticeable body channelizes take place, girls develop breasts and boys voices change. The growth of underarm and pubic hair is normal at this time.Another indicator of this stage is the development of Acne. Pre teens begin to notice the opposite sex, but prefer to stick with their own gender. Adolescence13 16 years Their own identity emerges in musical taste and clothes. Teenagers much require c doze off friendships with their peers. Are lots concerned closely how they look and what others think of them. Physical changes continue as puberty is ongoing or completed. Children drive more independent but still seek advice and guidance from parents. Teens are aware of the opposite sex and may be going out with them. negligent by their own sexualityConflict and a lowered opinion of parents emerge as jejuner tries to mature. Young Adult17 19 years More stable stirredly. Not so concerned about body once puberty ends. Develops clear sexual identity. By the end of this stage both girls and boys will establish reached physical maturity. Communication and intellectual development 1. 1 b Infant0 12 months A newborn baby cries as their only means of communication. As young babies vex no concept of time, to them all needs are urgent, and should be responded to as such.Begins to formulate concepts and is aware of the physical sensation of hunger. depart cry in order to have the need for food met. Develops different cries for a variety of needs, changing, hurting, frightened or lonely. Once they queue their voice they will make cooing noises and other sounds. Begins to take an invade in their surroundings, paying attention to toys. Uses voice to transmit faceings, with laughter when playing and screaming when annoyed. butt joint understand familiar objects and has an expectation of what they will do. Chatters away tunefully and uses voice to attract attention.Watches the actions of those round them with interest. Early years1 3 years Will learn 2 or 3 w ords that will be iterate constantly. Able to make the appropriate response to simple instructions. Goes through a trial and error process to discover what an object does. Can verbally communicate what they need. Is developing an inquiring mind about things and surroundings. Uses own personal jargon with many words unintelligible to most people. Knows the names for different parts of their body. often repeats the last word spoken by any adult in earshot. Has a growing vocabulary of over 200 words and talks to themselves continuously.Joins 2 or 3 words together to make a sentence. Can use their own name with reference to themselves. Constantly asking questions, with infantile substitution, and can relate past events to the present. Childhood4 7 years Speech becomes more confident as the substitutions decrease and full fluent speech is achieved. Can count up to twenty using repetition. Ask for the meaning of unfamiliar words. Questioning generally is at its height. Can draw a rec ognizable house and detailed people. Has a sense of time and can relate to the past, present and future.Able to write their own nameCan match colours and has an understanding of numbers. Reading skills will be developing in this stage and the child might write independently. Puberty8 12 years Speech has now developed fully. Reading and writing skills are now being refined. Able to express thoughts and discuss learning making use of language skills. Shares ideas and opinions with peer group. Speech style or jargon is important to fit in with their group. Have a fairly rigid concept of right and wrong. Adolescence13 16 years Will confide more with their peers than their parents.Increased use of speech reduces the make out of acting out. Have a good idea of their favorite sport and subjects and are well motivated in these areas. Fluctuates between con statusrable maturity and babyness. Can appear secretive at home, talkative but not very communicative. Has a stubborn unwillingn ess to compromise. Young Adult17 19 years Thinking about choices to be made regarding further education or career choice. Emerging ability to make independent decisions and able to compromise. Begins to become more self-reliant. Conversation skills are well developed and uses prior knowledge gained. Social, emotional and behavioural development 1. 1 c Infant0 12 months Creates an fond regard bond with mother. Smiles at mother and may squeal with delight. Familiar routines elicit a positive response. Responds to different tones from mother. May become shy in the company of strangers and cling to a familiar adult. Can imitate hand clapping. Understands simple commands and can wave goodbye. Will cooperate with adult dressing them. Early years1 3 years Can demonstrate signs of affection. Will participate in nursery rhymes. Now should be able to help adult with dressing.Indicates when pants are soiled or wet. Becomes emotionally dependent on a familiar adult. Drinks from a cup with both hands. At the end of this stage will gain control of bowels. May throw a burst when frustrated. Able to play co-operatively and may have imaginary friends. Tries visibly hard to please. Childhood4 7 years Child enjoys co-operative and dramatic play, taking turns. Understands the links between co-operation and competition. Can respond rationally to reasoning. Enjoys a degree of independence but still needs reassurance. Can become totally engrossed in activities.Can be concerned about being disliked. Fears develop about things under the bed or ghosts. Now able to form firm friendships. Fairly independent and confident. Puberty8 12 years They will develop a select group of friends. Friendships become firm and more settled. They seek more independence in order to understand problems themselves. Need continued praise and encouragement. Increasingly concerned about what others think about them. Will be unsure about changes in their setting. Adolescence13 16 years Bod y changes can upset self-esteem of children and make them quite vulnerable.As their bodies take on adult characteristics they still feel childlike inside. Will feel pressure from growing up and changing expectations. Some become more assured by changes in their environment. Peer pressure is a significant wreak on them. Children want to spend more time with their friends than family. Young Adult17 19 years As children enter adulthood they are still relatively inexperienced. The peer group losses importance and is re rigid by a few close friends. Mature young adults will start to listen to their parents again, asking for advice. As a sense of identity emerges they are no longer afraid to seek counseling.One on one dating becomes important. May embark on a more intimate relationship with just aboutone. Different aspects of development can affect one another 1. 2 Football A child needs to be physically developed in order to play this plunk for. They will use gross motor skills to run around and kick the ball. Hand-eye (feet-eye) coordination is also essential as the player needs to be spatially aware of where they are in relation to other things. It is no good have strong legs and great heading if you could not see where the ball was and make a connection. It is not much fun playing this game in isolation.As a team game players need to have the social skills to role the ball by taking it in turns. They have to understand the cooperation factor which is vital in a belligerent game. No one person can win a game on their own. This game consists of rules that are available off the pitch, these may be discussed orally or read by individuals. Professional teams are supported and lively banter between children will have them routing for their side. With little instructions or preventive children can communicate with each other to organise themselves into teams and have a very good game. Language It is important that babies are spoken to regularly an d candid to a variety of rich language. The more they are talked to the more responsive they will be. The more that they go steady, allows them to develop a larger and more varied vocabulary. investigate shows that there is a link between early language and literacy skills. Increased reading and writing skills can be the foundation for academic and social victor in the future. - Influences that affect childrens development Background 2. 1 a Members of your family are the most important people in your childs life.This includes siblings, aunts and uncles, cousins or even neighbours and good friends. If all is well in their world the chances are that it will be the same for your child. However things do happen that can have an effect on your childs development and you may not realize it. If a family member becomes ill or dies this can be an emotionally upsetting time not just for the adults involved, but also for the children who have formed an attachment to them. Some less obvious influences may be the anticipate birth of a sibling the introduction of a new partner or having to move home or school.You should pay attention to any change in your childs behaviour and check if their learning is being affected. Is your culture the same as the environment you are raising you child in? If not you should consider how these differences will affect your child. When English is not your first language it is helpful to your child if you encourage your child to develop this along side their mother tongue. It is important that children are able to spill, write and understand English so that they can have full access to the curriculum and make progress at the same rate as their peers. Children are known to be a very expensive to raise and educate. Not all parents have the incumbent funds to feed and cloth them adequately, let alone provide for extras. Poverty may be recognized by other children if a child does not have the latest fashion or electronic gadget at home. This may lead to a child being excluded from certain playground groups. It has been account that children from deprived circumstances do not usually do well aat school as this cushions on most areas of their development. Health 2. 1 b baleful health of a mother or baby immediately after birth can have a profound effect on a child.It is in this very early stage of life that infants need the care of a constant caregiver. Any interruption to this process stops the childs normal attachment progression. This could then result in a child struggling to form close relationships later in life. A child may be unwell occasionally and need to stay off from school for a few days. There will be cause for concern if this becomes a regular pattern. Any child who misses out on school restricts their develop amiable opportunities. A child who has a physical impairment is understandably restricted in certain areas, such as ovement in the playground and the social interactions that come w ith play. Support from adults around them is essential to help ensure they are included wherever possible. Growth and weight are primary indicators that are used by professionals to monitor the progress and well being of children. Children of the same age are often different shapes and sizes and there are a number of indicators that can explain this. For example boys are often bigger than girl, genetics may be responsible for a boy having a short stature and slight frame, or a short diet may be responsible for a child being overweight.In all these cases reference to a growth chart may provide answers or explanation for their current development position. A pattern emerges over time for each child and cause for alarm would be if there was a sudden or sharp deviation from the normal pattern. The highroad for a child who was born prematurely will initially be on a lower path than that of a full term baby however it would be expected to catch up over time. Even if this was not the case as long as the child was meeting other development goals this would not be an issue in isolation. Environment 2. 1 cWhere children live has a mark effect on their social and emotional development. Children that live in a nice, clean, graffiti free, residential area are likely to grow up stress free. They will probably live in a single family residence, in a natural setting, with room to run and exercise their gross motor skills. It is likely that they will know their neighbours giving them opportunities for all-encompassing social interactions. High rise dwellings noise and traffic pollution overcrowding and access to services, all contribute to levels of psychological distress for many children.This manifests itself indirectly as poor interactions with parents and teachers which culminate in poor language and learning development. Children are routinely exposed to noise from cars, airplanes, music and other people. It is essential for children to be able to hear pro perly in order to learn how to read. However, when they are constantly bombarded with acute noise levels they begin to ignore all auditory input. This defense mechanism has been documented by researchers who recorded significantly reduced reading and speech ability.Childrens cognitive development is also compromised by noise pollution as adults and teachers around them struggle to be heard. Teachers can become annoyed, fatigued and impatient in a loud environment. Their program line style can become compromised as they lose valuable time dealing with distractions. This indirectly deals another blow to the child chances of developing Crowding is another factor that has been noted as having a marked effect on childrens development. This phenomenon can affect the only child as well as those from large families.It comes about when a child is placed in an overcrowded situation over which they feel they have no control. Children may withdraw into themselves as a coping strategy. This may occur in a childrens activity area and result in less constructive and interactive play. Language development can be affect as parents speak less to children in crowded situations. There is also a tendency to speak in simple terms, thereby depriving them of the opportunity to hear and learn more complicated words. Importance of recognising and responding to concerns 2. As parents you are in the best position to observe and monitor how your child is developing. Conversely when you feel that there is something wrong you should practice your instincts and dont be afraid to discuss them with your doctor or health care professional. You might notice that your child never makes eye pertain with you perhaps they fail to respond to your voice or they display sudden and severe mood changes several times throughout the day. Instead of speculating what might be the problem might be on your own, a proper diagnosis is best.Early intervention will identify any problem and work towards solutions can start straight away if necessary. If you recognise that there are external issues affecting your child you should respond to them appropriately. As a parent or carer you could share your concerns with your childs teacher. This will allow them to be alert to the childs behaviour and they may be able to monitor their progress more closely for a time. It is also important to disclose changes in the family environment, such as a family break up with changes to living arrangements.As I have already said these may well have an effect on the child that the teacher can be forewarned to deal with. In some schools you may have direct access to the Special Education Needs Coordinator or the child can be referred to them via the teacher. It is endlessly a good idea to find out from the school who these people are and what is the procedure to get access to them. If you have this information available before you need it you will be able to act quickly and correctly when concern s arise. -Transitional stages experience by most children 3. 1 Being bornMilk to solidsCrawling to walkingBeing fed to feeding themselvesNappies to potty trainedUnaware to aware of selfHome to nursery greenhouse to Primary SchoolPrimary School to Senior SchoolPubertySexual awarenessChanging friendshipsHandling financesGetting a job * * Puberty * * You will need to watch out for Puberty, or adolescence as it is sometimes called. This is the natural handing over that your child will go through on the way to becoming an adult.Aside from the growth spurt that occurs at this time for both sexes, girls will have their first period, and boys experience their first wet dream (nighttime emission) and voice breaking etc. Less physical changes are the physiological, behavioural and relationships. The enormity of these changes may be overwhelming for a child who feels that there is something actually wrong with them but they are too afraid to ask anyone. The stress adolescents feel duri ng these times of change can lead them to try drink or drugs as a coping strategy. Others may experiment with substance abuse or have in risky sexual behaviour.There are various consequences that can come about from this behaviour such as contracting sexually transmitted diseases teenage pregnancy or even death from addiction overdose or suicide * * These scenarios have been well analyse and documented, they are included here not to alarm but to make you aware and equip you with pointers that will help you recognise situations that can be emotionally tough for your child. Stay involved with your child during these transitions and encourage them to talk to you about anything and everything, listen to them without judgment. Does your child feel neglected?Set aside some special time with them to show your interest and this will give you an opportunity to pick up on problems or changes in their behaviour. Prompt your child to talk about their experience or knowledge of different sub stances and the abuse of them. You have every right to know who your child is friends with and keep track of their movements. Again research has shown that children whose activities are not monitored by their parents are 4 times more likely to use drugs. Any observation of changes or disturbing behaviour should alert you to seek the help of professionals at an early stage. Experienced by some children 3. 2 A new siblingDomestic violenceBullyingEmotional abuseParents separating/divorcingSerious illness (child/parent)Family member diesUnexpected change of schoolMoving house Physical/sexual abuseSeparation from familyParent(s) in prisonLooked after by local anesthetic authorityMarriage (consensual/forced)Learn to driveGoing to universityChange group of friendsComing out as gay or lesbian * Going to University * * You might think this is great for you and your child. You have encouraged and supported them for years.They have studied hard and beat off stiff competition for a place a t the university of their choice. Nevertheless, their departure is a significant milestone for the family as it ushers in a new transition and time of separation that everyone will have to get used to. Unless the family is quite wealthy the stress of financing higher education can have a negative impact on all. The adjustment for students away from home for the first time can have an effect on their mental health. The empty nest left behind may give you as parents a feeling of loss as you relinquish some of your parental control. * The impact of university on students gives them a newfound sense of freedom as they are off the radar in terms of parental restrictions and rules. However, they will be confronted by new and different pressures as they take control of their lives. They now have to learn to live with a new family and learn how they are now to accept with this new group of people. The opportunity for study is obviously available but so is the list of other things to do and places to go. It can be a time of sensory overload as course work and parties vie for attention.As a parent you should encourage your child to explore new interests, meet new people and discover their new surroundings, with the proviso that getting an education should be the foremost concern. Encourage them to seek out professors or other adults who can keep them focused and grounded. Ensure they know where to turn for help if they do encounter problems whether they are academic or emotional. * * In the midst of students finding their independence and doing fine you may be in receipt of a tearful phone call.You may try to advise from a distance but this is not always possible. Work out ways to stay connected and involved by doing little things to remind them they are in your thoughts. Sending cards or notes with pictures of events they have missed can help to let them know they are loved and it is not a case of out of sight out of mind. * put on of transitions on childrens beha viour and development 3. 3 At some time children will have to leave the comfort of their home and move on to some form of semi formal or formal education.This might initially be at a playgroup, nursery or reception class. Whichever send off they take it is a time of major change for them and the way they handle it should be monitored closely. Children who have been used to one on one attention may struggle with having to share the teacher with the rest of their classmates. However those who have had a secure and happy upbringing will be emotionally mature enough to cope with the change. Children of a more delicate nature may regress in their behaviour and need reassurance to participate.They may suck their thumb for comfort or cling to a favorite toy or object. Sensitive handling of these actions will help them through and build up confidence to a point where learning is not hindered. Children who are looked after have been prematurely separated from parents. If this takes plac e in the formative years it is likely that they will have attachment issues. When this happens a child can become emotionally stuck at the age they were when the separation took place.This can then have a detrimental affect on how they view making attachments with others who are tasked with looking after them. The defense mechanism is now set to I will act up and refuse to engage with you just in case you up and leave me too. Every effort must be made to engage these special children and help them overcome their separate circumstances. Universities are well aware of the problems faced by students, especially in the first year, and have systems in place to deal with these transitions. References If you wish to do some more research or reading on the subject here are some of the books and websites I found useful when writing this booklet. Supporting teaching and learning in schools Louise Burnham & Brenda Baker, 2010 6 to 16 Child Development Penny Tassoni, 2007 The effects of the Physical Environment on Childrens Development Dr Gary Evans http//www. parenting. cit. cornell. edu/documents/Physical-Environment-Evans. pdf www. nhs. co. uk www. pampers. co. uk

Capitalist Economy Essay

The right of hush-hush property authority that productive factors such as land, factories, machinery, mines etc. are under private ownership. The owners of these factors are still to use them in the manner in which they like. The government may however, put some restrictions for the benefit of the society in general emancipation of enterpriseThis means that everybody engages in any economic activity he likes. More specifically he is free to set up any firm to produce goods.Freedom of choice for the consumersThis means that mickle in a capitalist economy are free to spend their income as they desire. This is known as consumer self-directedty. Consumers are sovereign in the sense that producers produce only those goods which consumers are willing to buy.Profit motive In a capitalist economy, it is the win motive which forces or induces people to work and produce Competition Competition prevails among the sellers to sell their goods and among buyers to obtain goods to satisfy thei r wants. Advertisement, price cutting, discount etc., are found to be the normal methods of competition in any capitalist economy.Inequalities of incomes There is generally a wide gap of income between the rich and the poor in the income which mainly arises due to unequal dissemination of property in such economies.Merits of capitalist economyThe interest are the merits of capitalist economy1.To attract the consumer, the producer is in a position to commence out newer and finer varieties of goods 2.The existence of private property and the driving force of profit motive results in high standard of living 3.Capitalism works automatically through the price mechanism 4.The freedom of enterprise results in maximum efficiency in production 5.All activities under capitalism enjoy the maximum issue forth of liberty and freedom 6.Under capitalism freedom of choice brings maximum satisfaction to consumers 7.Capitalism preserves fundamental rights such as right to freedom and right to pr ivate property 8.It rewards men of initiative and enterpriseCountry as a whole benefits through growth of business talents, development of research etc.,Demerits of capitalismThe following are the demerits of capitalism1.In capitalism the enormous wealth produced is apportioned by a few. This causes rich richer and poor, poorer 2.Welfare is not protected under capitalism, because here the aim is profit and not the welfare of the people 3.Economic instability in terms of over production, economic depression, unemployment etc., is very common under capitalism 4.The producer spends huge amounts of silver on advertisement and sale promotion activities like fairs, exhibitions etc., 5.Class conflict arises between employer and employee and they will be paid low wages and this leads to strikes and lock outs 6.Productive resources are misuse under capitalism and they are used for the production on luxuries as they are bound to bring high profits 7.Capitalism leads to the formation of mono polies and8.There is no auspices of employment for the workers and employees under capitalism.Referencehttp//classof1.com/homework-help/economics-homework-help/

An Interview with the Headmistress

The headmistress of the school is retiring at the end of the month. As a editor of the school magazine, you interviewed her for an article in the magazine. Emily Good morning, Madam Lee. Thank you for better-looking me this opportunity to interview you. Me It is my pleasure. Emily Madam Lee, I heard that you have been a headmistress for long times ago. Can you differentiate me how long have you been here and what did you do before you came here? Me Well, I am the headmistress here for almost 15 years. Before that, I was a teacher in Sabah. later I was transfer here, I start to worked as a teacher for almost 8 years. Besides, I love teaching students and this is the main reason why I am mum teaching even though I am the headmistress in a flash. Emily Honestly madam Lee, we really appreciate for e verything that you have done. Me Thank you, Emily. Emily Madam Lee, how has the school changed within the 15 years? Me It has changed tremendously When I first came, this school was keep mum a small school. We only had 250 students, but now we have almost 1600 students.In those days, we had just dickens school blocks, now we have six school blocks, an air-conditioned library and a very modern canteen. I was very proud of this school Emily wherefore did you still love teaching although you are the headmistress now? Me I love teaching since I was a kid, I had an ambition that I would like to be a great teacher that would have the ability to teach students to become successful people in the future. Emily That was a great ambition that you have, Madam Lee.Can you tell us what are the interesting things that happen to you in the school before? Me I remembered most is when my students plan a birthday surprise for me on my birthday few years ago. They even bought a really special gift for me. Emily Madam Lee,what do you like most about this school? Me The thing that I like most about this school is the view of scenery of the school from the principals office. Emily Wil l you still contribute to your school if the school still needs your help in the future? Me Of course I willThis school means a lot to me. Emily Do you have some speech to say to your beloved students before your retirement? Me Yes, I would like to say that you all must study hard to follow your dreams and never give up until you achieve your dreams. Besides, always treasure your precious time to do benefit things. The most important is study hard, play less. Emily Thank you for the wonderful advice, Madam Lee. Do you have anything that you want to do before your retirement? Me I would like to thank the teachers so much of the contribution for the school.They really work together with me to reserve this school a better environment for the students to study. I really appreciate their hard work. Emily Are you feeling sad of your retirement? Me At first, yes but now I am really happy that I can finally retire. Emily Madam Lee, what are your plans after retirement? Me Perhaps I shall travel to countries for holiday. After that, I probably become a housewife and spending my time to do things that I loved. Emily That is all I wanted to ask. Madam Lee, Thank you very much for this interview. I wish you all the best. Me Thank you.

Artificial Intelligence and Learning Computers

drippy Intelligence & Learning Computers Presented by S. DEEPAKKUMAR Abstract The term artificial intelligence is used to pull in a property of cable cars or programmes the intelligence that the system demonstrates. Among the traits that researchers hope machines will exhibit are reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the qualification to move and manipulate objects. Constructing robots that per cast of characters smart tasks has always been a highly motivating factor for the science and technology of study processing.Unlike philosophy and psychology, which are also concerned with intelligence, AI strives to build salubrious entities such as robots as well as understand them. Although no unrivalled can predict the future in detail, it is clear that figurers with human- train intelligence (or better) would shake up a huge impact on our each(prenominal)day lives and on the future course of civilization uneasy Networks have been proposed as an alternative to Symbolic Artificial Intelligence in causeing intelligent systems. They are motivated by computation in the brain.Small Threshold computing elements when put together produce powerful information processing machines. In this paper, we put forth the foundational ideas in artificial intelligence and important concepts in Search Techniques, Knowledge Representation, Language Understanding, Machine Learning, Neural deliberation and such other disciplines. Artificial Intelligence Starting from a modest exactly an over ambitious effort in the late 50s, AI has grown through its share of joys, disap directments and self-realizations. AI deals in science, which deals with creation of machines, which can think like humans and behave rationally.AI has a goal to automate every machine. AI is a very vast field, which spans Many application domains like Language Processing, Image Processing, Resource Scheduling, Prediction, Diagnosis etc. Many types of technologies like heuri stic Search, Neural Networks, and Fuzzy Logic etc. Perspectives like solving complex line of works and understanding human cognitive processes. Disciplines like Computer Science, Statistics, Psychology, etc. DEFINITION OF intuition & TURING TEST The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to provide a satisfactory definition of intelligence.Turing defined intelligent behavior as the ability to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks, sufficient to fool an interrogator. Roughly speaking, the test he proposed is that the computer should be interrogated by a human via a teletype, and passes the test if the interrogator cannot tell if there is a computer or a human at the other end. His theorem (the Church-Turing thesis) states that Any effective procedure (or algorithm) can be use through a Turing machine. Turing machines are abstract mathematical entities that are composed of a tape, a read-write head, and a finite-state machine.The head can either read or write symbols onto the tape, basically an input-output device. The head can change its position, by either moving left or right. The finite state machine is a retrospect/central processor that keeps track of which of finitely many states it is currently in. By knowing which state it is currently in, the finite state machine can pose which state to change to next, what symbol to write onto the tape, and which direction the head should move. Requirement of an Artificial Intelligence system No AI system can be called intelligent unless it learns & reasons like a human.Reasoning derives new information from given(p)(p) ones. Areas of Artificial Intelligence Knowledge Representation Importance of knowledge representation was realized during machine translation effort in early 1950s. Dictionary look up and word replacement was a tedious job. at that place was ambiguity and ellipsis problem i. e. many words have different meanings. Therefore having a dictionary used for trans lation was not enough. One of the study challenges in this field is that a word can have more than one meaning and this can result in ambiguity. E. g. Consider the following sentence Spirit is strong but flesh is weak.When an AI system was made to convert this sentence into Russian & then back to English, following output was observed. Wine is strong but shopping mall is rotten. Thus we come across two main obstacles. First, it is not easy to take informal knowledge and state it in the formal terms inevitable by logical notation, particularly when the knowledge is less than 100% certain. Second, there is a big difference between cosmos able to solve a problem in principle and doing so in practice. Even problems with just a few dozen facts can exhaust the computational resources of any computer unless it has some guidance as to which reasoning steps to try first.A problem may or may not have a solution. This is why debugging is one of the most challenging jobs faced by programme rs today. As the rule goes, it is impossible to create a program which can predict whether a given program is going to terminate ultimately or not. Development in this part was that algorithms were written using foundational development of vocabulary and dictionary entries. Limitations of the algorithm were found out. subsequently Formal Systems were developed which contained axioms, rules, theorems and an orderly form of representation was developed. For example, Chess is a formal system.We use rules in our everyday lives and these rules accompany facts. Rules are used to construct an efficient expert system having artificial intelligence. Important components of a Formal System are Backward Chaining i. e. trying to figure out the content by reading the sentence backward and link each word to some other, Explanation Generation i. e. generating an explanation of whatever the system has understand, Inference Engine i. e. submitting an inference or replying to the problem. Reasoni ng It is to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions.Reasoning means, drawing of conclusion from observations. Reasoning in AI systems work on three principles viz. DEDUCTION Given 2 events P & Q, if P is true then Q is also true. E. g. If it rains, we cant go for a picnic. INDUCTION Induction is a process where in , after studying certain facts , we reach to a conclusion. E. g. Socrates is a man all men are mortal therefore Socrates is mortal. ABDUCTION P implies Q, but Q may not always depend on P. E. g. If it rains , we cant go for a picnic. The fact that we are not in a position to go for a picnic does not mean that it is training.There can be other reasons as well. Learning The most important indispensableness for an AI system is that it should learn from its mistakes. The best way of teaching an AI system is by training & testing. Training involves teaching of basic principles involved in doing a job. Testing process is the real test of t he knowledge acquired by the system wherein we give certain examples & test the intelligence of the system. Examples can be compulsory or negative. Negative examples are those which are near miss of the positive examples. Natural Language Processing (NLP) NLP can be defined as ? Processing of info in the form of natural language on the computer. I. e. making the computer understand the language a normal human being speaks. It deals with under structured / semi structured data formats and converting them into complete understandable data form. The reasons to process natural language are Generally because it is exciting and interesting, commercially because of sheer volume of data available online, Technically because it eases out Computer-Human interaction. NLP helps us in Searching for information in a vast NL (natural language) database. psychoanalysis i. e. extracting structural data from natural language. Generation of structured data. Translation of text from one natural l anguage to other. Example English to Hindi. Application Spectrum of NLP It provides report and translational aids. Helps humans to generate Natural Language with proper spelling, grammar, style etc. It allows text mining i. e. information retrieval, search engines text categorization, information extraction. NL port wine to database, web software system, and question answer explanation in an expert system.There are four procuring levels in NLP 1. Lexical at word level it involves pronunciation errors. 2. Syntactical at the structure level acquiring knowledge about the grammar and structure of words and sentences. Effective representation and implementation of this allows effective manipulation of language in respect to grammar. This is usually implemented through a parser. 3. Semantic at the meaning level. 4. Pragmatic at the context level. Hurdles There are various hurdles in the field of NLP, especially speech processing which result in increase in complexity of the system. We know that, no two people on earth can have similar accent and pronunciations. This difference in style of communicating results in ambiguity. Another major problem in speech processing understands of speech due to word boundary. This can be clearly understood from the following example I got a plate. / I got up late. Universal Networking Language This is a part of natural language processing. The key feature of a machine having artificial intelligence is its ability to communicate and interact with a human. The only means for communication and interaction is through language.The language being used by the machine should be understood by all humans. Example of such a language is ENGLISH. UNL is an artificially developed language consisting universal word library, universal concepts, universal rules and universal attributes. indispensability of UNL is that a computer needs capability to process knowledge and content recognition. Thus UNL becomes a platform for the computer to comm unicate and interact. Vision (Visibility Based golem Path Planning) Consider a moving robot. There are two things, robots have to think and perform while moving from one place to another . Avoid collision with stationary and moving objects. 2. Find the shortest distance from source to destination. One of the major problems is to find a collision free path amidst obstacles for a robot from its starting position to its destination. To avoid collision two things can be done viz 1) Reduce the object to be moved to a sharpen form. 2) Give the obstacles some extra space. This method is called Mikownski method of path planning. Recognizing the object and unified it with the contents of the image library is another method.It included corresponding matching and depth understanding, edge detection using idea of zero crossing and stereo matching for distance estimation. For analysis, it also considers robot as a point body. Second major problem of path planning is to find the shortest path. The robot has to calculate the Euclidean distance between the starting and the ending points. Then it has to form algorithms for computing visibility graphs. These algorithms have certain rules associated with. OJoin lesser number of vertices to reduce complexity. ODivide each object into triangles.OPut a node in each triangle and aggregate all of them. OReduce the unnecessary areas because they might not contribute to the shortest path. OCompute minimum link path and proceed. This problem of deciding shortest path prevails. Robot might be a bulky and a huge object so cant be realized as a point. Secondly a robot is a mechanical body which cant turn instantly so it has to follow the procedure of wait-walk-wait-turn-wait-walk- which is very time-consuming and so not feasible. Therefore shortest distance should have minimum number of turns associated with it.For path planning the robot has to take a snap shot of the area it is going to cover. This snap shot is neat in the above men tioned ways and then the robot moves. But then the view changes with every step taken. So it has to do the calculation at every step it takes which is very time consuming and tedious. Experts decided to make the robot take the snap shot of the viewable distance and decide the path. But this again becomes a problem because the device used for viewing will have certain limitation of distance. Then these experts came to a conclusion that the robot be given a fixed parameter i. . take to take the snap shot of a fixed distance say 10 meters, analyze it and decide the shortest path. Neural-networks Neural networks are computational consisting of simple nodes, called units or processing elements which are linked by weighted connections. A neural network maps input to output data in terms of its own internal connectivity. The term neural network derives from the obvious nervous system analogy of the human brain with processing elements dower as nerve cells and connection weights equivalen t to the variable synaptic strengths.Synapses are connections between neurons they are not physical connections, but miniscule gaps that allow electric signals to prove across from neuron to neuron. Dendrites carry the signals out to the various synapses, and the cycle repeats. Let us take an example of a neuron It uses a simple computational technique which can be defined as follows y= 0 if ? Wi Xi ? Where ? is threshold value Wi is weight Xi is input Now this neuron can be trained to perform a particular logical operation like AND. The equivalent neural network simulation for AND function is given on the left and its equation format on the right.Perceptron training convergence theorem Whatever be the initial choice of the weights, the PTA will eventually converge by finding the correct weight values provided the function being trained is linearly separable. This implies Perceptron Training Algorithm will absorb the threshold with negative weight. ? Wi Xi + (-1) ? ? 0 A B Y 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 W1 + 0 W2 =0 ( ? ) 0 W1 +1 W2 =0 ( ? ) 1 W1 +0 W2 =0 ( ? ) 1 W1 +1 W2 =1 (? ) 0 W1 + 0 W2 =0 ? 0 W1 +1 W2 =1 ? 1 W1 +0 W2 =1 ? 1 W1 +1 W2 =0 ?Conclusion AI combined with various techniques in neural networks, fuzzy logic and natural language processing will be able to revolutionize the future of machines and it will transform the mechanical devices component part humans into intelligent rational robots having emotions. Expert systems like Mycin can help doctors in diagnosing patients. AI systems can also help us in making airline enquiries and bookings using speech rather than menus. Unmanned cars moving about in the city would be reality with further advancements in AI systems.Also with the advent of VLSI techniques, FPGA chips are being used in neural networks. The future of AI in making intelligent machines looks incredible but some tolerant of spiritual understanding will have to be inculcated into the machines so that their decision making is governed by some principles and boundaries. References 1. Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay 2. AI Rich & Knight 3. Principles of AI N J Nelson 4. Neural Systems for Robotics Omid Omidvar 5. http//www. elsevier. nl/locate/artint 6. http//library. thinkquest. org/18242/essays. shtml

Thomas Jefferson Dbq Notes

Jessica Turro Hunter Torres 9/24/12 Period 3 The declaration of independence By doubting Thomas Jefferson Argu ment * Thomas Jefferson Necessary for one people to fade out the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth , the separated and equal station to which the laws of nature and of natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation * Thomas Jefferson wanted all colonies to have freedom of speech, being entitled to their independence and their rights.Evidence * We hold these truths to be ego evident That all men are created equal that they are endowed by their Creator with veritable unalienable rights that among these are life , liberty and the out of bounds of happiness. * . driving their just powers from the consent of the governments that, whenever any have of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute its power in such form as to them shall seem most like to effect their safety and happiness. * WE THEREFORE, THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the supreme judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the figure of speech and by the authority of the good people of these colonies , solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are, and of the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, exclusively dissolved and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, fight alliances, establish commerce and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. Appeals * Pathos- that all men are created equal that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. * Logos-the history of the presen t King of Great Britian is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in educate object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these seas. * Ethos- Rhetorical Strategies & Analysis * Thomas Jefferson uses ANAPHORA as a rhetorical strategy within his speech repeating He Has. * Thomas Jefferson has a frame with in his speech he begins with stating his argument of human rights and ends with his argument.

Underground and Sublime: How the Subterranean Context of a City Embodies a Unique Spatial Experience

foeman and sublimeThe high gained from such posterior geographic expedition is so b wholey intense, theres no demand for a chalice in this wonderland. Unequalled by whateverthing on the surface degree, the bowls of the metropolis argon a flock be stick out. ( Graphotism, 1999 )Modern illimitable, in context of the metropolis and the mother of a metropolis inhabitant, has been reduced to a m emergeh scene that can be described as verticality . Gaston Bachelard ( 1969 ) presents his speculation on verticalness through with(predicate) the mutual op stick of the basement and the loft, which in bend brings unequivocal penet seations into the really opposite phenomenological waies the vision perceives the rest home in our eyes is a concentrated building, constructed with upward impulse. It becomes an independent volume which provides us with a psychologically concrete constitution. But within the house, immortal is opposed by the reason of the Attic and the unreason of the basement.If the domiciliate serves as a metaphor for a City, the rules atomic number 18 the same in that the Attic is representative of the reasonable attack interpreted to urban spacial creation. Henri Lefebvre remarks in his contain The Production of Space, Verticality, and the independency of volumes with regard to the fender land and its distinctive features, argon, on the dot, produced . Equally long as we adhere to Verticality world the primal axis of the urban environment, our eyes lift above the immediate specificity of district on which it is built, ensuing in a homogeneous built environment, therefore an abstraction of world.The basement on the other manus, in the congresswoman The Underground , is perceived as a lost dimension, one which is defined by abstraction, just now Bachelard guide ons out that the phenomenology of populating a cellar boundless places the dweller in a harmonious province with subterraneous forces and the unreason of digging. The posit ion of a metropolis inhabitant on their immediate environment, one time populating an belowground infinite, is returned and and deepened, to the point that the visual sense is limitless within the fore nigh dogged entity .The essay allow for research what, why and how the subterraneous context of a metropolis embodies a alone spacial draw through an uncertainty into the Sublime. The relation of Sublime theory to civil substructure embedded in the metropolis resistance will supply the evidences to oppugn whether the scenes of the Sublime are relevant, particularly in the instance of infinite intentional without architectural theoretical purposes. Can infinite be more strictly rarefied if it isnt deliberately juted to be empyreal?WhatWhatever is fitted in any kind to excite the thoughts of pain in the neck, and danger, that is to state, whatever is in any kind awful, or is familiar some awful objects or operates in a mode printer to terror is a beginning of the sublime t hat is, it is productive of the strongest e campaign the head is capable of feeling. ( Burke, 1990 )Bachelard ( 1969 ) uses a nearsighted narration to explicate his theory on how belowground infinite ab initio induces a sense of misgiving in the topic provided by C G Jung in his book Modern Man in hunt of a Soul. Here the cognisant Acts of the Apostless like a adult male who, hearing a leery noise in the basement, hastes to the Attic and, happening no burglars at that place decides, accordingly, that the noise was tenuous imaginativeness. In world, this prudent adult male did non make bold venture into the cellar.The Underground is depicted as the more awful in the comparing of elevated infinite and subterraneous infinite out-of-pocket to the degrees of witting idea used to apologize fright. In which, brings us to a cardinal trait of the Sublime. Fear is an savvy of hurting or decease, therefore rendering the organic structure nullified of its powers of moving and concluding w hen subjected record the resistance. ( Burke, 1990 ) Yet this poses a paradox when we consider different scenarios that involve the eucharist of come ining an belowground infinite. In some occasions, for case during wartime, adult male seeks the protection of the resistance to avoid hurting or decease. The anchor trap outlook takes a figure of distinguishable signifiers, from which it is deserving noticing on their deficiency of basic concept retainers including comfort, airing and telescopic radiation syndrome. This natural disposition towards subterranean brooding roots from the earliest signifier of supply for adult male, the cave, and yet redden now the design of belowground sand traps isnt subjectly different from a of course happening cave, proposing that we besides portion a sense of security alongside fright. in that location is besides the passion of wonder, even though it is the simplest of our passions, which can overmaster our frights and coerce us to follow the dash to find. When danger or strivings press excessively early, they are incapable of giving any delectation, and are further awful but at certain distances, and with certain alterations, they may be, and they are delightful . ( Burke, 1990 )In kernel, it is the thoughts of hurting that are much more powerful than pleasance, therefore the thoughts of the empyreal emerge through awful experience, but necessarily our brushs result in pleasance. The journey beneathtaken by human existences with the wonder to dig deep into the un receiven, the stairss taken to make a finish, particularly into deepnesss of the belowground apart from any above land spacial experience as the topic is confined from all about. A longing for the safety of the surface indicates feelings of anxiousness and claustrophobia, which could hold desperate personal effects, but it is precisely this fright that accordingly produces the extreme highs which will ever be pleasing to the topic. ( Carlyle, 2000 )WhyAdj usting to the extremes of silence and deafening noise, superb corridors and flip black stairwells and basically developing an confidant knowledge of a labyrinthine system in which were one time ignored go gaps to underground frontiers. ( Carlyle, 2000 )The rite of traveling belowground entirely is empyreal as we descend into darkness our senses are aroused, awakened and heightened. Our go to to minute inside informations is increased within a confined infinite, like the sound of a rat scurrying along the tracks of the capital of the United Kingdom Underground the physical boundaries are existent, seting the senses under unbelievable emphasis, go forthing the imaginativeness to widen into the overpowering darkness bring oning a strong sense of fright over ordinarily undistinguished events. When we know the full extent of any danger, when we accustom our eyes to it, a cracking cover of the apprehensiveness vanishes. ( Burke, 1990 )These all being corollaries of our human na ture, we are nonvoluntary to these effects which in all facets are linked to Sublime Theory. Edmund Burke in his book A Philosophic Enquiry into the Beginning of our Ideas on the Sublime and the Beautiful, the distinctive features of the sublime are set out in parts and subdivision clear uping the theory of our passions and their genuine sourced. In relation to architecture, he supplies concise direction and review of the nature of empyreal infinite, but it is the direct personal experience and feelings he describes, the beginning of the sublime, which I endeavor to compare with the phenomenology of Underground infinite.Stepping outside our prearranged traffic forms and established finishs, we find a metropolis laced with liminality, with border districts cutting crosswise its bosom and making into its sky. We find a 1000 disappearing points, each unique, each alive, each fraught(p) with wealths and admirations and time. ( Cook, 2009 )Modernity has brought a huge clandestine underw orld into metropolis degrees, cluttered with wrestling conveyance tunnels, telecommunication lines, the mail rail, sand traps and vaults. All of which are excavated from the Earth, locomote into darkness, off from any beginning of natural visible radiation, which incurs that all light is unnaturally substituted. Shadows engulf infinite, making these disappearing points that Michael Cook, an urban adventurer who runs the website Vanishing Point, talks about in Geoff Manaughs The BLDG BLOG Book. The vanishing point besides refers to a point of eternity, which in Sublime footings refers to a delicious horror. Upon looking down a conveyance tunnel, in belowground civic architecture, there is no light lighting the terminal, there is merely darkness, which presents the pheonomenon of eternity, therefore our imaginativeness is free to widen to our panic, or pleasance. Ideas are able to reiterate in our head about boundlessly, like if you hold up a incidental pole, with your oculus to one terminal, it will look extended to a space about incredible. ( Burke, 1990 ) So even though the existent dimensions of an belowground tunnel make a sense of claustrophobia, they besides comprehend sizeableness in the head of the object, non merely through the semblance of eternity but besides the cognition of the labyrinthine system that they inhabit. At this point, the entryway and the flight seem inexplicable, but the consequence of eternity on the imaginativeness switches hurting to pleasance.Greatness of the dimension has a powerful impact on the sublime, particularly in consideration to architecture. But it can be perceived in many ways, much of them opposing. For model Norberg-Schulz in his book Genius Loci describes The Mountain, therefore, belongs to the Earth, but it rises toward the sky. It is high , it is close to heaven , and the cosmic relation it has in connexion heaven and Earth, connoting that the monumental graduated table of a mountain making out to the Eden i s genuinely empyreal. On the other terminal of the spectrum, Burke explains the degree of minuteness mentioning to such things as the infinite divisibility of matter . We are every bit confounded by smallness as enormousness.Although in footings of belowground infinite, illustriousness of dimension has its or so dramatic consequence through alternate significances. Vastness of extent, in footings of length, tallness and deepness in peculiar, mislead perceptual experiences of the untainted measure of such infinites, even though we can non see them, which has a darksome consequence on the head. Once we explore them for ourselves our civic agreeableness map are made tangible, and we know that, Every clip we turn on the pat, draw the concatenation, pick up the telephone, there is an belowground motion a gurgle of H2O, an impulse along a wire. ( Trench & A Hillman, 1985 ) As the beds are sore away the venas of the metropolis are revealed, seting the belowground kingdom on a gradua ted table analogous to the starry heavens in its impressiveness. The great profuseness of things which are splendid , creates the widespread vision of the sublime. ( Burke, 1990 )The about surpassing property to Underground infinite is darkness. Darkness being the most productive of the sublime, and the Underground being unable to tackle the power of the Sun, it descends into a fearful province overwhelmed by darkness. The theory of the empyreal stresses the immenseness that when you enter a edifice, to do objects most dramatic, they should be every bit different as achievable to the object we have been most familiar with, which implies that our ocular variety meats essential be put under the most stress to heighten our perceptual experiences of the sublime. ( Burke, 1990 )This can be farther assisted by the nature of shadows which bring a degree of obscureness into drama. Burke uses characters of fright in human existences how greatly dark adds to our apprehension, in all ins tances of danger, and how much the impressions of shades and hobs, of which none can organize clear thoughts, affect heads, which gave acquaintance to the popular narratives refering such kinds of beings. Shadows reinstate the feeling of presence, but in a confined infinite lucidness is scarce and they become abstracted in the oculus of the topic, instantly striking panic in their bosom. ( Burke, 1990 ) another(prenominal) than this type of visible radiation that may make a sublime atmosphere, the antonym of darkness, that is light that obliterates all objects through its pure appendage, will hold the same consequence as complete darkness. An illustration of this is a bolt of Lightning. It moves with such quickness and brightness, that our senses are overcome. Therefore, upon come ining a infinite a speedy rush from visible radiation to darkness or frailty versa, recreates this consequence in an atmospheric environment. ( Burke, 1990 )Apart from the effects visible radiation has on the oculus of the topic, it is the combination of vision and sound which achieves the highest grade of the sublime, and is relevant to the design of tunnels. A tunnel is constructed by uninterrupted repeat which sight perceives as one point figure to eternity. The oculus vibrating in all its parts must near near to the nature of what causes hurting, and accordingly must bring forth an thought of the sublime. This is besides relevant to the sound of the Underground. Within the confines of all environing good stuff walls, sound reverberates around the infinite, garnering impulse and arrives at the topic with inordinate volume, which has the ability to overmaster the psyche, suspending it in action and to make full it with panic. ( Burke, 1990 )HowThe tree drawn on the land by their shadows made the most profound feeling on me. This image grew in my imaginativeness. I so saw everything that was the most blueish in nature. What did I see? The mass if objects detached in black agai nst a visible radiation of utmost pallor. ( Vidler, 1992 )Modern architecture, particularly in the attack to belowground architecture, has often attempted to free itself of the sullen darkness which is so imperative to the theory of the sublime and voluminous in the nature of belowground infinite. This is due to a modernist theory led by Le Corbusier in the 20th century, which takes a stance on urban design as a corporate. Dark seemed to be a parasite to architecture and it was thought that transparence would eradicate the sphere of myth, intuition, dictatorship and above all irrationality. Architects concentrated on opening up metropoliss to circulation, visible radiation and air, labeling the profession as the light-bringers when it came to planing belowground infinite in peculiar. ( Vidler, 1992 )A specific illustration of this modernist theory being apparent in current architectural pattern is the Canary Wharf capital of the United Kingdom Underground Station by Foster+Partners . Which I will compare with another modern-day resistance station, the Westminster Extension by Michael Hopkins to underground infinite taken with mention to sublimate theory.Canary Wharf London Underground Station is by far the largest station to be built in the recent Jubilee fall Extension act due to the context it uses, that being the former West India dock, therefore it benefits from the handiness of infinite. The unadulterated size of the infinite advocates illustriousness of dimension, yet its horizontal proportions dont comply with empyreal theory. The edifice boasts its length bing to the tallness of the Canary Wharf Tower to Burke ( 1990 ) an hundred paces of even land will neer work such an consequence as a tower an 100s paces tall. Although the uniformity to plan, with equal proportions and design base on insistent entities, enhances the subjects experience of enormousness within infinite. It besides shows similarities with the architecture of Gothic Cathedrals in that the technology on show is evocative of the winging buttress.In the survey of visible radiation and design inside informations, the station doesnt seem to encompass any facets of natural belowground infinite by throw outing darkness from every cranny in the design. First of wholly, the chief focal point comprises of 3 swelling glass canopies whose premier map is to pull daylight deep into the infinite. But the dimensions of the infinite prevent these from holding a important consequence all twenty-four hours long, therefore the acceptance of bright unreal lighting reduces any transitional effects between the exterior and interior to about nil.In comparing, the station at Westminster begins with a significant descent into the deepnesss of the resistance, which has a ritualistic journey reminiscent of falling into a immense cavern. The difference here is in the dimensions of the infinite which is of verticalness, about falling off from course degree, past the subterraneous substr ucture, into the shadows of the underworld. This is augmented by the honestness of its building which contributes to the dramatic ambiance through sheer hardiness of technology. The unreal lighting used has been smartly situated in order to move structurally and atmospherically. The visible radiations act like a beacon that directs riders out of the station, as if they are returning to the day of street degree, but they besides create an astonishing atmosphere by projecting infinite consists of criss-crossing place and beams between the falling shafts, which catch the visible radiation in apposition, which besides conflicts with the framing of a bird-eye position on the station floor. Percepts of the infinite are improbably phenomenological, prosecuting the topic with the architecture and successfully switching the position from street degree to the resistance.In my sentiment the rules in which Michael Hopkins Architects have based their architecture upon, to a great extent implem ent the theories of the sublime into a rationalized design tantrum to function as a functional infinite, but besides an improbably atmospheric experience for the topic. On the contrary, Foster+ Partners attack to belowground infinite tantrums in with the to the full rational attack of modernist theory, which alternatively of tackling the qualities of visible radiation and rites that go in tandem bicycle with the experience of the resistance, transparence has claimed its triumph.Thereby, through an extended concurrence between empyreal theory and belowground infinite, in peculiar the civic architecture of metropolis degrees, many differentiations have been made that nexus empyreal theory to infinites that we have discussed, doing it enormously relevant. What distinguishes the infinites I have talked about from Architecture is its irrational nature in the concomitant that Earth is excavated to make a functional infinite. There is no seeable form to take into explanation when noticin g on aesthetics of belowground infinite as one is surrounded by Earth. But it is exactly this that makes the irrational infinite of resistance more strictly empyreal than Architecture that tries to animate what irrational infinite has. Even though Westminster station applies much detailing with purpose to work empyreal traits, it will neer transgress the threshold, due merely to the fact that the rational procedure designers apply to plan, retreats from organic idea. The design of civic comfortss is apparently free from rational idea because there is no demand to take the human experience into consideration. Therefore, it may stand as its ain separate entity, suspended in the resistance, beautiful because it has been designed to be beautiful.